La deforestación y la tragedia de los comunes entre los cocaleros del VRAE: 2001-2004
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2016-07-11
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial
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Los bosques en el Valle del río Apurímac y Ene (VRAE), la segunda región cocalera del Perú, son recursos comunes públicos que se manejan como privados por los agricultores principalmente cocaleros, sin un control efectivo de tal uso por parte del Estado. La necesidad de sobrevivencia de los agricultores cocaleros, su percepción crematística sobre el bosque, y la mayor o menos disponibilidad de tierras constituyen factores determinantes en el ritmo de deforestación del bosque primario y secundario. Variables tales como la legalidad de tenencia del predio no parecen tener influencia. Sin embargo, otros factores también institucionales facilitan una ocupación del espacio muy desordenada y destructiva, tales como las políticas de Estado en los procesos de titulación y la debilidad o ausencia del mismo. Las organizaciones de base de los agricultores centradas en defender el cultivo de la coca y/o acceder a condiciones crediticias y técnicas para sus productos legales no consideran a la defensa del bosque como un aspecto fundamental de su agenda. Tampoco existían organizaciones de base cuya agenda central fuese el control y la vigilancia del manejo de los recursos forestales. Los agricultores son conscientes del daño ambiental y de salud que provoca la economía de la coca. Todo ello nos induce a argumentar que los productores rurales amazónicos se encuentran atrapados en el “dilema del prisionero”. Por un lado, la presión institucional y mediática los presiona fuertemente a no cultivar coca y por otro lado, si ellos no siembran coca y no deforestan otros seguirán ese camino destructivo y se beneficiaran de manera inmediata de tal decisión.
Forests at the tropical Valley of the Apurimac and Ene rivers (VRAE), the second coca-growing region of Peru, are public common resources and nevertheless privately managed mainly by coca farmers, without effective State control of such use. The need for survival of the coca farmers, their chrematistic perception of the forest, the cultivation of cocoa (theobroma cacao) and land availability are crucial factors influencing the rates of deforestation of primary and secondary forest. Variables such as the legality of land tenure seem to have no influence. However, other institutional factors such as state policies in titling processes and its weakness or absence facilitate the destructive patterns of settlement in the upper forest. Grassroots organizations of farmers focused on defending coca cultivation and access to credit and technical conditions for their legal products do not consider the defense of the forest as a fundamental aspect of their agenda. Nor were grassroots organizations whose core agenda was the control and monitoring of the management of forest resources. All this leads to argue that the Amazonian farmers are trapped in the "prisoner's dilemma". On the one hand, institutional and media pressure press them strongly not to grow coca and on the other hand, if they do not grow coca o clear the forest, others will follow this destructive path and benefit immediately of such a decision
Forests at the tropical Valley of the Apurimac and Ene rivers (VRAE), the second coca-growing region of Peru, are public common resources and nevertheless privately managed mainly by coca farmers, without effective State control of such use. The need for survival of the coca farmers, their chrematistic perception of the forest, the cultivation of cocoa (theobroma cacao) and land availability are crucial factors influencing the rates of deforestation of primary and secondary forest. Variables such as the legality of land tenure seem to have no influence. However, other institutional factors such as state policies in titling processes and its weakness or absence facilitate the destructive patterns of settlement in the upper forest. Grassroots organizations of farmers focused on defending coca cultivation and access to credit and technical conditions for their legal products do not consider the defense of the forest as a fundamental aspect of their agenda. Nor were grassroots organizations whose core agenda was the control and monitoring of the management of forest resources. All this leads to argue that the Amazonian farmers are trapped in the "prisoner's dilemma". On the one hand, institutional and media pressure press them strongly not to grow coca and on the other hand, if they do not grow coca o clear the forest, others will follow this destructive path and benefit immediately of such a decision
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