Migraciones en la puna: su relación con el uso de los recursos naturales del departamento Los Andes
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2009
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial
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Desde una perspectiva histórica, demográfica y del uso de los recursos naturales, analizamos la relación existente entre las migraciones humanas y las actividades económicas en el departamento Los Andes, ubicado al W de la provincia de Salta, en el Noroeste Argentino. Usando el método residual, calculamos los saldos migratorios entre los censos de 1947, 1960, 1970, 1980 y 2001, con resultados todos negativos. Al inaugurarse el Ramal C-14 en 1948, los obreros y técnicos que participaron en su construcción, tuvieron que buscar empleo en otra parte, mientras los habitantes locales vieron facilitada gracias al tren, la posibilidad de buscarmejores oportunidades económicas fuera de la puna. El cierre de mina La Casualidad a fines de los años setenta, la baja demanda de mano de obra de la minería remanente, concentrada en técnicos calificados extraños a la región y la privatización del ferrocarril a principios de los años noventa, fueron importantes factores de expulsión de población. Aunque la ganadería es la principal actividad económica en las áreas rurales, esta se practica sin ninguna tecnología de manejo y generan sobrepastoreo, el que redujo casi a la mitad la cantidad de ovejas por habitante entre 1947 y 2001. Esto obliga a los lugareños a presionar sobre la fauna para subsistir, lo que explica el comercio ilegal de fibra de vicuña (Vicugna vicugna). Aunque existe un plan de desarrollo turístico, una ley de reactivación de la ganadería ovina y se ha realizado un censo de las poblaciones de vicuñas en el nivel gubernamental, estas acciones recientes deberían formar parte de un proyecto de desarrollo de escala regional, orientado al uso sostenible de los recursos naturales, lo que crearía empleo y desalentaría la emigración.
From an historic and demographic perspective, as well as the use of natural resources, we analyzed the relationship between human migrations and the economic activities of Los Andes Department, West of the Salta Province, in NW Argentina. Using the residual method, we calculated migratory balances between Argentinean population censuses carried out in 1947,1960, 1970, 1980 and 2001. The migratory balances were negative for all the periods studied. When the train started to run through Ramal C-14, the workers who built it have to find jobs somewhere else. At the same time, the railway made easier for the natives, to find better economicopportunities out of the Puna. The close of mine La Casualidad by the end of the 70’s, the low creation of jobs by the remaining mining operations, focused in to hire qualified technicians no available in Los Andes and the privatization of the railway in early 90’s, were important factors of emigration. Despite of cattle rising as the main economic activity in rural areas, it is practiced without any technology of management. The overgrazing caused for that reason, has reduced almost to the half the quantity of sheep by inhabitant between 1947 and 2001. That is why the local people have to press more on the wildlife, trading illegally with vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) fiber. Despite of a touristic development plan, a law promoting sheep rising and a census of vicuña population carried out by the provincial government, these recent actions should be part of a development project of regional scale, oriented to the sustainable use of the natural resources of Los Andes Department. That project would create jobs and discourage emigration.
From an historic and demographic perspective, as well as the use of natural resources, we analyzed the relationship between human migrations and the economic activities of Los Andes Department, West of the Salta Province, in NW Argentina. Using the residual method, we calculated migratory balances between Argentinean population censuses carried out in 1947,1960, 1970, 1980 and 2001. The migratory balances were negative for all the periods studied. When the train started to run through Ramal C-14, the workers who built it have to find jobs somewhere else. At the same time, the railway made easier for the natives, to find better economicopportunities out of the Puna. The close of mine La Casualidad by the end of the 70’s, the low creation of jobs by the remaining mining operations, focused in to hire qualified technicians no available in Los Andes and the privatization of the railway in early 90’s, were important factors of emigration. Despite of cattle rising as the main economic activity in rural areas, it is practiced without any technology of management. The overgrazing caused for that reason, has reduced almost to the half the quantity of sheep by inhabitant between 1947 and 2001. That is why the local people have to press more on the wildlife, trading illegally with vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) fiber. Despite of a touristic development plan, a law promoting sheep rising and a census of vicuña population carried out by the provincial government, these recent actions should be part of a development project of regional scale, oriented to the sustainable use of the natural resources of Los Andes Department. That project would create jobs and discourage emigration.
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Geografía, Migraciones, Economía, Ganadería, Puna, Argentina, Migrations, Economics, Cattle Raise, Puna, Argentina
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