Taifa: Biofiltro doméstico artesanal de autoproducción para potabilizar aguas contaminadas por metales pesados de minería ilegal en Chillaco, Perú
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2023-11-20
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Dentro de la gestión de recursos hídricos en el Perú, muchos poblados alejados de
las autoridades no cuentan con una abastecimiento adecuado de agua, en especial, agua
potable. La escasez del recurso hídrico ha resultado que entre 7 y 8 millones de personas
en todo el país no cuenten con agua potable, causando enfermedades en la población y
disminuyendo la calidad de vida. Los pobladores se ven obligados a consumir agua de
fuentes cuyo suministro no ha tenido un correcto proceso de limpieza y potabilización, lo que
causa el brote y la transmisión de enfermedades por virus, parásitos, bacterias, etc. Chillaco
es un poblado que se encuentra a 2 horas de la ciudad de Lima, y que además de tener las
características mencionadas, tiene una fuente hídrica cuya agua tiene indicios de estar
siendo contaminada por residuos no tratados producto de actividad minera de oro ilegal en
la zona. La totora Typha Dominguensis, planta local en Chillaco, posee capacidades de
fitorremediación, es decir, remueve del agua los componentes metálicos dañinos. Por otro
lado, los filtros de cerámica poseen capacidades de potabilización del agua. Estas
características son aprovechadas en humedales artificiales y diversos tipos de filtros
cerámicos. Sin embargo, no se ha encontrado una solución doméstica a la potabilización de
agua contaminada con estos metales, fácil de producir y replicar, accesible tanto económica
como geográficamente. Se plantea la siguiente hipótesis: Taifa es un filtro doméstico
artesanal para la potabilización de agua contaminada por residuos de la extracción de oro
ilegal para disminuir enfermedades hídricas en la comunidad de Chillaco. Con el uso de la
metodología del Doble Diamante, a través de estudios etnográficos a distancia, virtuales y
telefónicos, entrevistas a profesionales e información teórica, se logra hacer Diseño Social
remoto. Además, se realiza un análisis del estado del arte: los humedales artificiales, el filtro
lento ascendente, Ecofiltro y Life ETAD (Ecological Treatment of Acid Drainage). Se
encuentra una brecha de innovación sobre la posibilidad de un filtro que potabilice el agua
contaminada por actividad minera. Así mismo, se obtienen resultados de la situación local y
de elementos filtrantes naturales y de bajo costo útiles para el proyecto. La información
recolectada es analizada mediante cuadros comparativos, promediación de encuestas,
ilustraciones para graficar problemas, mapas mentales, mapas de empatía. La información
recaudada fue analizada y probada para lograr obtener un filtro doméstico que logre limpiar
el agua en Chillaco a niveles aptos para consumo humano.
Within the management of water resources in Peru, many villages far from the authorities do not have an adequate supply of water, especially drinking water. The scarcity of water resources has resulted in between 7 and 8 million people throughout the country not having drinking water, causing diseases in the population and decreasing the quality of life. The inhabitants are forced to consume water from sources whose supply has not had a correct cleaning and purification process, which causes the outbreak and transmission of diseases by viruses, parasites, bacteria, etc. Chillaco is a town that is located 2 hours from the city of Lima, and that in addition to having the aforementioned characteristics, has a water source whose water has indications of being contaminated by untreated waste product of illegal gold mining activity in the area. The cattail Typha Dominguensis, a local plant in Chillaco, has phytoremediation capabilities, that is, it removes harmful metal components from the water. On the other hand, ceramic filters have water purification capabilities. These characteristics are used in artificial wetlands and various types of ceramic filters. However, no domestic solution has been found to the purification of water contaminated with these metals, easy to produce and replicate, accessible both economically and geographically. The following hypothesis is proposed: Taifa is an artisanal domestic filter for the purification of water contaminated by residues from illegal gold extraction to reduce water diseases in the community of Chillaco. With the use of the Double Diamond methodology, through distance, virtual and telephone ethnographic studies, interviews with professionals and theoretical information, remote Social Design is achieved. In addition, an analysis of the state of the art is carried out: artificial wetlands, the slow ascending filter, Ecofiltro and Life ETAD. There is an innovation gap on the possibility of a filter that purifies water contaminated by mining activity. Likewise, results are obtained from the local situation and natural and low-cost filter elements useful for the project. The information collected is analyzed through comparative tables, survey averaging, illustrations to graph problems, mind maps, empathy maps. The information collected was analyzed and tested to obtain a domestic filter that manages to clean the water in Chillaco at levels suitable for human consumption
Within the management of water resources in Peru, many villages far from the authorities do not have an adequate supply of water, especially drinking water. The scarcity of water resources has resulted in between 7 and 8 million people throughout the country not having drinking water, causing diseases in the population and decreasing the quality of life. The inhabitants are forced to consume water from sources whose supply has not had a correct cleaning and purification process, which causes the outbreak and transmission of diseases by viruses, parasites, bacteria, etc. Chillaco is a town that is located 2 hours from the city of Lima, and that in addition to having the aforementioned characteristics, has a water source whose water has indications of being contaminated by untreated waste product of illegal gold mining activity in the area. The cattail Typha Dominguensis, a local plant in Chillaco, has phytoremediation capabilities, that is, it removes harmful metal components from the water. On the other hand, ceramic filters have water purification capabilities. These characteristics are used in artificial wetlands and various types of ceramic filters. However, no domestic solution has been found to the purification of water contaminated with these metals, easy to produce and replicate, accessible both economically and geographically. The following hypothesis is proposed: Taifa is an artisanal domestic filter for the purification of water contaminated by residues from illegal gold extraction to reduce water diseases in the community of Chillaco. With the use of the Double Diamond methodology, through distance, virtual and telephone ethnographic studies, interviews with professionals and theoretical information, remote Social Design is achieved. In addition, an analysis of the state of the art is carried out: artificial wetlands, the slow ascending filter, Ecofiltro and Life ETAD. There is an innovation gap on the possibility of a filter that purifies water contaminated by mining activity. Likewise, results are obtained from the local situation and natural and low-cost filter elements useful for the project. The information collected is analyzed through comparative tables, survey averaging, illustrations to graph problems, mind maps, empathy maps. The information collected was analyzed and tested to obtain a domestic filter that manages to clean the water in Chillaco at levels suitable for human consumption
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Minería--Perú--Chillaco (Lima : Centro poblado), Agua--Contaminación--Perú--Chillaco (Lima : Centro poblado), Filtros, Diseño industrial--Investigaciones
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