Sociedad, identidad y variedad de los mausoleos de La Petaca, Chachapoyas
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2018-08-31
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial
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Los chachapoya de la sierra nororiental de Perú utilizaron varios métodos para enterrar a sus muertos, pero casi todos estos se dieron en espacios sumamente visibles. Mientras que existe variación regional entre diferentes espacios mortuorios chachapoya, hay evidencia de una cohesión estilística dentro de cada sitio. Desafortunadamente, pocos complejos mortuorios han sido excavados, pero el complejo de La Petaca en el distrito de Leymebamba, nos provee una oportunidad de examinar científicamente la variación intra-sitio. En solamente medio acantilado del complejo mortuorio registramos un mínimo de 125 construcciones incluyendo tumbas, plataformas y caminos, además de cavernas, nichos, y abrigos, todos con restos mortuorios. Utilizando arqueología vertical, recuperamos restos culturales, muestras óseas y orgánicas para análisis bioquímico y para fechados. Desafortunadamente, muchos de los contextos han sido dañados por la actividad de los huaqueros y los procesos tafonómicos naturales. Se ha hallado variabilidad en los métodos constructivos, materiales, diseños arquitectónicos y ubicación en el sitio, pero en general la distribución de rasgos comunes sugiere varias interpretaciones: 1) el estilo mortuorio fue adaptado a la locación precaria, 2) había muy pocos cambios a través del tiempo, 3) había pocos constructores de estas tumbas, o 4) este complejo refleja patrones constructivos de una sola tradición. Sobre todo, estos datos nuevos nos pueden presentar valiosas interpretaciones sobre la accesibilidad, la complejidad en construcción y aspectos de la identidad social de los chachapoya.
The Chachapoya of the northeastern Peruvian highlands utilized various methods for disposing of their dead, but almost all involve highly visible spaces. While some regional variation is found among Chachapoya mortuary spaces, there is evidence for social cohesion within each site. While few mortuary complexes of the Chachapoya have been excavated, La Petaca mortuary complex in the Leymebamba district, provides the opportunity to scientifically study intrasite variation. On only half of the mortuary complex’s massive vertical wall we documented 125 constructions including tombs, platforms and walkways, as well as several caves, niches and rock shelters, all of which contained mortuary remains. By using techniques of vertical archaeology, we collected artifacts and skeletal and organic samples for analysis and radiocarbon dating. Unfortunately, many of the contexts had been damaged by looting and natural taphonomic processes. Here was some variability in construction methods, materials, architectural design, and location across the site, yet generally common features suggest several interpretations: 1) mortuary style was adapted to the precarious location, 2) there was little change over time, 3) few builders were involved, or 4) these practices reflect a single cultural tradition. Overall, these new, detailed data yield valuable information on the importance of mortuary spaces and the regional complexity of the Chachapoya.
The Chachapoya of the northeastern Peruvian highlands utilized various methods for disposing of their dead, but almost all involve highly visible spaces. While some regional variation is found among Chachapoya mortuary spaces, there is evidence for social cohesion within each site. While few mortuary complexes of the Chachapoya have been excavated, La Petaca mortuary complex in the Leymebamba district, provides the opportunity to scientifically study intrasite variation. On only half of the mortuary complex’s massive vertical wall we documented 125 constructions including tombs, platforms and walkways, as well as several caves, niches and rock shelters, all of which contained mortuary remains. By using techniques of vertical archaeology, we collected artifacts and skeletal and organic samples for analysis and radiocarbon dating. Unfortunately, many of the contexts had been damaged by looting and natural taphonomic processes. Here was some variability in construction methods, materials, architectural design, and location across the site, yet generally common features suggest several interpretations: 1) mortuary style was adapted to the precarious location, 2) there was little change over time, 3) few builders were involved, or 4) these practices reflect a single cultural tradition. Overall, these new, detailed data yield valuable information on the importance of mortuary spaces and the regional complexity of the Chachapoya.
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Arqueología vertical, Arquitectura mortuoria, Prácticas funerarias, Complejidad social, Tumbas, Chachapoyas
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