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Transitando a la economía circular en el sector agropecuario: granjas experimentales en Guanajuato, México
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Instituto de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Territorio y Energías Renovables (INTE-PUCP), 2021-03-16)
un sistema de producción lineal, en vez de circular. Esto provoca que se genere una gran cantidad de residuos, que por su mala disposición puede provocar contaminación al agua, al suelo y muy especialmente atmosférica. Por tanto, es imprescindible...
The agricultural sector is very important worldwide, in Latin America and Mexico, due to increasing population and therefore the need for food. But this sector works mainly as a linear production system, instead of a circular one. This causes the generation of large amount of waste, which can cause water, soil and, especially, atmospheric pollution if not disposed correctly. It is therefore essential to help agricultural systems to close the material cycle and thus reduce environmental impacts and obtain a higher performance in the system. This will help to knowing how to contribute to the circular economy in the agricultural sector. This article presents the study carried out with three experimental farms in the state of Guanajuato (Mexico). The farms were diagnosed qualitatively and quantitatively, the valuation of wastes already done in the farms was detected, and new valuations were proposed for each of them. An eco-industrial agricultural network was proposed between the three farms, made up of 11 entities, 7 different industrial sectors, 8 existing synergies, 18 proposed synergies, 22 different recovered or reused waste. With this network, a solution is proposed for 8 of the 10 most problematic farm wastes and contributes to closing the material cycle in them. Criteria are also given to tend to the circular economy in the agricultural sector....
The agricultural sector is very important worldwide, in Latin America and Mexico, due to increasing population and therefore the need for food. But this sector works mainly as a linear production system, instead of a circular one. This causes the generation of large amount of waste, which can cause water, soil and, especially, atmospheric pollution if not disposed correctly. It is therefore essential to help agricultural systems to close the material cycle and thus reduce environmental impacts and obtain a higher performance in the system. This will help to knowing how to contribute to the circular economy in the agricultural sector. This article presents the study carried out with three experimental farms in the state of Guanajuato (Mexico). The farms were diagnosed qualitatively and quantitatively, the valuation of wastes already done in the farms was detected, and new valuations were proposed for each of them. An eco-industrial agricultural network was proposed between the three farms, made up of 11 entities, 7 different industrial sectors, 8 existing synergies, 18 proposed synergies, 22 different recovered or reused waste. With this network, a solution is proposed for 8 of the 10 most problematic farm wastes and contributes to closing the material cycle in them. Criteria are also given to tend to the circular economy in the agricultural sector....
Proyecto Inmobiliario “PUNKU” : Parque Científico, Tecnológico y Social en Santa María del Mar, Lima, Perú
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018-04-25)
La presente tesis tiene como objetivo evaluar la viabilidad económica del
proyecto inmobiliario “PUNKU” : Parque Científico, Tecnológico y Social en
Santa María del Mar. El promotor del proyecto es una institución privada que
brinda educación...
Diseño con geosintéticos para la función de separación, filtración y refuerzo en pavimentos flexibles
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018-03-26)
contaminación de subbase de sólo 0.5 pulgadas conllevaría a
una reducción de más de 10% de serviciabilidad del pavimento en todos los tramos.
En cuanto al análisis económico, se comparó el costo de los materiales de dos
soluciones para el problema técnico...
The following research examines the use of geosynthetics in flexible pavements on three functions. The methods used to examine these include an overview of the design analysis, technical analysis and economic analysis of the use of geosynthetics. The approach used for this research required an evaluation of the following: first, the application of a non-woven needle-punched geotextile between the granular material and the foundation soil; second, the application of a non-woven needle-punched geotextile as a wrap of longitudinal sub-rows fulfilling the function of filtration. Third, the application of a triaxial reinforcement geogrid for the optimization of the pavement. For the separation function, the design was based on the AASHTO M288-96 standard and on the book "Designing with Geosynthetics" by Dr. Koerner. Through this procedure it was determined that the geotextile to be specified for the present case study would be the commercial geotextile GT320P. The technical analysis focused on the comparison of the number of equivalent axes that can support two pavements in particular. On one hand, a design that maintains effective layer thicknesses, thanks to the use of a separating geotextile. On the other hand, a pavement with less effective thickness of granular material due to the contamination of this with the soil of the subgrade. Through this analysis, it was observed that a subbase contamination of only 0.5 inches, would lead to a reduction of more than 10% of pavement serviceability in all sections. In regard to the economic analysis, the cost of the materials of two solutions was compared for the technical problem presented. One of these options consisted of a pavement that uses sacrificial thicknesses that assure the pavement's long-term serviceability. The other option consisted of evaluating the initial conventional design by adding the specified geotextile. Through this analysis it was determined that for a sacrificial thickness greater than 1 inch, the use of a geotextile would be more profitable instead. Regarding the filtration function, the design was based on the AASHTO M288-96 standard, the FHWA guide, the MTC hydrology manual and the book "Designing with Geosynthetics" by Dr. Koerner. In this way, it was determined that the geotextile specified for this function would be the commercial geotextile GT240. The technical analysis consisted in comparing the traffic supported by a pavement without longitudinal subdrain system to one that includes it in the design. For this, the initial pavement drainage coefficient was reduced to simulate the behavior of this without sub-arrays. From this analysis it was observed that a reduction of 0.1 of the permeability coefficient would reduce the pavement's serviceability by about 30%. Which would justify the use of geotextile for this function. The economic analysis focused on comparing these designs with respect to an estimated life time. It was observed that those pavements without subdrainage with a real life time lower than 6 years would be less profitable than using systems of geotextile subdrainage. Finally, for the reinforcement function, the preliminary design was based on the AASHTO R-50 standard and the program of the company TENSAR was used to carry out the final design corresponding to the TX160 geogrid for pavement optimization. The technical analysis consisted in comparing in a percentage way the variation of serviceability between the design with geogrid and the conventional design. In this case, the use of geogrid increased by more than 20% the pavement's serviceability from sector 3 to sector 6, even in the case of pavement optimization. For sector 1 and 2, the serviceability of conventional design was overcome, but not significantly. Then, through the economic analysis, the cost of the materials of both designs was compared. In this way, it was determined that the design with geogrid generated a saving of more than 10% compared to the initial design. For the topics discussed, a program was developed in Visual Studio in the programming language Visual Basic which facilitated the design and analysis. In addition, technical specifications and plans were made for the three applications of the geosynthetic material which are part of the information to be delivered at the time of carrying out a project....
The following research examines the use of geosynthetics in flexible pavements on three functions. The methods used to examine these include an overview of the design analysis, technical analysis and economic analysis of the use of geosynthetics. The approach used for this research required an evaluation of the following: first, the application of a non-woven needle-punched geotextile between the granular material and the foundation soil; second, the application of a non-woven needle-punched geotextile as a wrap of longitudinal sub-rows fulfilling the function of filtration. Third, the application of a triaxial reinforcement geogrid for the optimization of the pavement. For the separation function, the design was based on the AASHTO M288-96 standard and on the book "Designing with Geosynthetics" by Dr. Koerner. Through this procedure it was determined that the geotextile to be specified for the present case study would be the commercial geotextile GT320P. The technical analysis focused on the comparison of the number of equivalent axes that can support two pavements in particular. On one hand, a design that maintains effective layer thicknesses, thanks to the use of a separating geotextile. On the other hand, a pavement with less effective thickness of granular material due to the contamination of this with the soil of the subgrade. Through this analysis, it was observed that a subbase contamination of only 0.5 inches, would lead to a reduction of more than 10% of pavement serviceability in all sections. In regard to the economic analysis, the cost of the materials of two solutions was compared for the technical problem presented. One of these options consisted of a pavement that uses sacrificial thicknesses that assure the pavement's long-term serviceability. The other option consisted of evaluating the initial conventional design by adding the specified geotextile. Through this analysis it was determined that for a sacrificial thickness greater than 1 inch, the use of a geotextile would be more profitable instead. Regarding the filtration function, the design was based on the AASHTO M288-96 standard, the FHWA guide, the MTC hydrology manual and the book "Designing with Geosynthetics" by Dr. Koerner. In this way, it was determined that the geotextile specified for this function would be the commercial geotextile GT240. The technical analysis consisted in comparing the traffic supported by a pavement without longitudinal subdrain system to one that includes it in the design. For this, the initial pavement drainage coefficient was reduced to simulate the behavior of this without sub-arrays. From this analysis it was observed that a reduction of 0.1 of the permeability coefficient would reduce the pavement's serviceability by about 30%. Which would justify the use of geotextile for this function. The economic analysis focused on comparing these designs with respect to an estimated life time. It was observed that those pavements without subdrainage with a real life time lower than 6 years would be less profitable than using systems of geotextile subdrainage. Finally, for the reinforcement function, the preliminary design was based on the AASHTO R-50 standard and the program of the company TENSAR was used to carry out the final design corresponding to the TX160 geogrid for pavement optimization. The technical analysis consisted in comparing in a percentage way the variation of serviceability between the design with geogrid and the conventional design. In this case, the use of geogrid increased by more than 20% the pavement's serviceability from sector 3 to sector 6, even in the case of pavement optimization. For sector 1 and 2, the serviceability of conventional design was overcome, but not significantly. Then, through the economic analysis, the cost of the materials of both designs was compared. In this way, it was determined that the design with geogrid generated a saving of more than 10% compared to the initial design. For the topics discussed, a program was developed in Visual Studio in the programming language Visual Basic which facilitated the design and analysis. In addition, technical specifications and plans were made for the three applications of the geosynthetic material which are part of the information to be delivered at the time of carrying out a project....
Modelo proLab: FLEX – T, propuesta sostenible para la venta de pisos de caucho reutilizado de la ciudad de Arequipa
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2023-10-14)
ocasiona
que muchas personas dejen dichos neumáticos en botaderos informales, por lo que,
finalmente produce contaminación del aire, suelo y propagación de enfermedades.
Para enfrentar este problema, se realizó un análisis de mercado que resaltó la...
Since the beginning of the 20th century, the production of tires worldwide has increased due to the high demand for vehicles of all kinds. Peru is no stranger to this problem since an increase of 51.8% in vehicle sales has been identified compared to the year 2020 in the city of Arequipa, in the same way in the rest of the departments. Likewise, a standard process for recycling end-of-life tires has not been identified in our context, which causes many people to leave these tires in informal dumps, which ultimately causes air and soil contamination and the spread of diseases. To face this problem, a market analysis was carried out that highlighted the importance of recycling end-of-life tires. In response, "Flex - T" was created, an innovative proposal that is related to the manufacture of eco-friendly cushioning floors made from recycled rubber from end-of-life tires, to be installed in creative areas such as parks, educational institutions and sports centers. . The target users of Flex-T are public and private institutions seeking to improve the safety and sustainability of their recreational spaces. The pain these users experience is the lack of flooring options that are both safe, attractive, and environmentally responsible. Regarding the business model, it is based on generating strategic alliances with these institutions for the collection of raw materials and the implementation of the product in recreational areas, thus satisfying a crucial need of the Arequipa community. This strategy has proven to be desirable, feasible and viable from various perspectives. The business project allowed to obtain a net present value (NPV) of S/ 3,973,621.72 soles, in addition to maintaining a constant sales index based on sustainability criteria, it also allowed to obtain a social net present value (NPVS) of S/ 5,833,554.78 soles, which is evidenced by the impact of two sustainable development goals (ODSs) such as goal 12 "Guarantee sustainable consumption and production patterns" and goal 11 "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”, obtaining a social relevance index (IRS) of 26.78%....
Since the beginning of the 20th century, the production of tires worldwide has increased due to the high demand for vehicles of all kinds. Peru is no stranger to this problem since an increase of 51.8% in vehicle sales has been identified compared to the year 2020 in the city of Arequipa, in the same way in the rest of the departments. Likewise, a standard process for recycling end-of-life tires has not been identified in our context, which causes many people to leave these tires in informal dumps, which ultimately causes air and soil contamination and the spread of diseases. To face this problem, a market analysis was carried out that highlighted the importance of recycling end-of-life tires. In response, "Flex - T" was created, an innovative proposal that is related to the manufacture of eco-friendly cushioning floors made from recycled rubber from end-of-life tires, to be installed in creative areas such as parks, educational institutions and sports centers. . The target users of Flex-T are public and private institutions seeking to improve the safety and sustainability of their recreational spaces. The pain these users experience is the lack of flooring options that are both safe, attractive, and environmentally responsible. Regarding the business model, it is based on generating strategic alliances with these institutions for the collection of raw materials and the implementation of the product in recreational areas, thus satisfying a crucial need of the Arequipa community. This strategy has proven to be desirable, feasible and viable from various perspectives. The business project allowed to obtain a net present value (NPV) of S/ 3,973,621.72 soles, in addition to maintaining a constant sales index based on sustainability criteria, it also allowed to obtain a social net present value (NPVS) of S/ 5,833,554.78 soles, which is evidenced by the impact of two sustainable development goals (ODSs) such as goal 12 "Guarantee sustainable consumption and production patterns" and goal 11 "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”, obtaining a social relevance index (IRS) of 26.78%....
Nuevas formas de vulnerabilidad y estrategias implementadas por las mujeres a partir de un derrame de petróleo : el caso de la comunidad nativa de Cuninico
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018-09-11)
una inflación de precios en los productos de subsistencia; alimentación, al haber escasez de pescado y poca fertilidad en los suelos; salud, por medio del surgimiento de nuevas enfermedades; y en las relaciones de pareja dentro de la familia, al haber...
Análisis de ciclo de vida de un tramo de la carretera Tacna - Collpa en la región de Tacna
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2023-03-13)
falta de información y financiamiento apropiado.
En ese sentido, se utilizó la herramienta de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) para complementar y nutrir la EIA del primer tramo de la carretera Tacna-Collpa de 52 km de extensión en la región sureña de...
Roads are essential infrastructures for the economic and social development of any country. However, they are also responsible for a considerable amount of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions due to the intensive use of materials and machinery that entails its construction and maintenance, including their subsequent operation by land vehicles. Therefore, it is essential that an appropriate environmental impact assessment (EIA) be carried out to estimate the environmental impacts of road projects in Peru. Although there is already a current regulation in in Peru that obliges them to have an EIA for its enforcement, most of these are limited to providing qualitative information without adjusting to the reality of each road project due to lack of information and appropriate financing. Thus, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tool was used to complement and nourish the EIA of the first section of the 52 km stretch Tacna-Collpa road in the southern region of Tacna by determining the environmental impacts in detail. Using the guidelines stipulated in the ISO 14040 and 14044 standards; construction, use and maintenance phases were evaluated through the functional unit of 1 km of highway in one year of operation. Primary data sources were the technical file of the project, the traffic study of the area and the maintenance report for the year 2022; which were complemented with the ecoinvent v3 database and public reports from the Peruvian state and the regional government of Tacna. Likewise, the emission of particulate matter was modeled independently. Through the ReCiPe 2016 and IPCC 2013 methodology, seven impact categories were established such as climate change, land use transformation, particle formation, among others. This LCA study allows a broader understanding of the environmental impacts of a road in the highlands of Peru and its results show that most of these in different categories are coupled in the use stage. For example, in climate change category, 85 tons of CO2 eq correspond directly to the road's own use, while 68 tons of CO2 eq were generated by its construction for one year of operation. The main reason for these values was due to the presence of mostly light vehicles and buses according to the project's traffic study and because it is the main connection route between the countries of Peru and Bolivia. On the other hand, maintenance did not have a considerable value in all the categories analyzed. Likewise, through a sensitivity analysis, alternative scenarios were compared to determine the influence in comparison to the base scenario, among which the use of electric vehicles was included. In this analysis, it was concluded that the use of electric vehicles or vehicles with Euro VI regulations help reduce environmental impacts in all impact categories. Similarly, the lack of maintenance causes particulate matter emissions in the use phase to increase up to five times their original value. Finally, recommendations for sustainable practices were made based on the main sources of environmental contamination found in the investigation, such as the use of B20 biodiesel in construction machinery or the inclusion of recycled materials in the laying of the pavement. These recommendations can be applied by construction companies and the Peruvian government through guidelines and directives for the execution of future road projects in regions of the Peruvian highlands....
Roads are essential infrastructures for the economic and social development of any country. However, they are also responsible for a considerable amount of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions due to the intensive use of materials and machinery that entails its construction and maintenance, including their subsequent operation by land vehicles. Therefore, it is essential that an appropriate environmental impact assessment (EIA) be carried out to estimate the environmental impacts of road projects in Peru. Although there is already a current regulation in in Peru that obliges them to have an EIA for its enforcement, most of these are limited to providing qualitative information without adjusting to the reality of each road project due to lack of information and appropriate financing. Thus, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tool was used to complement and nourish the EIA of the first section of the 52 km stretch Tacna-Collpa road in the southern region of Tacna by determining the environmental impacts in detail. Using the guidelines stipulated in the ISO 14040 and 14044 standards; construction, use and maintenance phases were evaluated through the functional unit of 1 km of highway in one year of operation. Primary data sources were the technical file of the project, the traffic study of the area and the maintenance report for the year 2022; which were complemented with the ecoinvent v3 database and public reports from the Peruvian state and the regional government of Tacna. Likewise, the emission of particulate matter was modeled independently. Through the ReCiPe 2016 and IPCC 2013 methodology, seven impact categories were established such as climate change, land use transformation, particle formation, among others. This LCA study allows a broader understanding of the environmental impacts of a road in the highlands of Peru and its results show that most of these in different categories are coupled in the use stage. For example, in climate change category, 85 tons of CO2 eq correspond directly to the road's own use, while 68 tons of CO2 eq were generated by its construction for one year of operation. The main reason for these values was due to the presence of mostly light vehicles and buses according to the project's traffic study and because it is the main connection route between the countries of Peru and Bolivia. On the other hand, maintenance did not have a considerable value in all the categories analyzed. Likewise, through a sensitivity analysis, alternative scenarios were compared to determine the influence in comparison to the base scenario, among which the use of electric vehicles was included. In this analysis, it was concluded that the use of electric vehicles or vehicles with Euro VI regulations help reduce environmental impacts in all impact categories. Similarly, the lack of maintenance causes particulate matter emissions in the use phase to increase up to five times their original value. Finally, recommendations for sustainable practices were made based on the main sources of environmental contamination found in the investigation, such as the use of B20 biodiesel in construction machinery or the inclusion of recycled materials in the laying of the pavement. These recommendations can be applied by construction companies and the Peruvian government through guidelines and directives for the execution of future road projects in regions of the Peruvian highlands....
Una aproximación a la deforestación por cultivos de coca en el Perú (2011-2021)
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Instituto de Estudios Internacionales (IDEI), 2024)
en la deforestación y la contaminación en la Amazonía requiere una inmediata respuesta del Estado. Se debe involucrar a todos los actores locales públicos, privados y de la sociedad civil, y especialmente a las comunidades nativas afectadas. No solo...
Ecosistemas y producción de alimentos: estudio de la relación entre la agricultura, la conservación ecológica y la gastronomía en el distrito de Frías, Piura
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2019-01-25)
relación entre la agricultura, conservación ecológica y la gastronomía en los caseríos
de Huasipe, El Común, Chaye Grande y Las Pircas, y de esta manera buscar proponer algunos lineamientos
generales para una gestión sostenible del territorio. A través de...
Agriculture is the human activity par excellence, which over the years has been adapted to different demands and temporal-spatial contexts. Currently, Peru is a country characterized by activities in the primary sector, including its global export agriculture, though it is also known for its great agrobiodiversity and related gastronomy. Nevertheless, Peru is also a country with very low levels of socio-economic development that is experiencing widespread degradation of its natural resources, in part caused by agricultural activity. This study analyzes the close relationship between agriculture, ecological conservation and gastronomy in four communities in the district of Frias, province of Ayabaca, Piura (Huasipe, El Común, Chaye Grande and Las Pircas), and seeks to propose general guidelines for a sustainable management of the territory. Through surveys based on agroecological methods to farmers (ISSPA), interviews with key actors and residents, social actor mapping, and the use of GIS, it was possible to analyze the territorial development of the district. Results show that the environmental and agricultural problems and weaknesses perceived are also evident in the main failures of the productive systems of the farmers. Deforestation and the water contamination are the two main environmental problems which directly affect agricultural activity in Frias, even though most of the local agricultural practices directly aggravate these problems. On the other hand, thanks to the mapping of social actors, it was possible to demonstrate the importance of creating, maintaining and strengthening the links between social organizations and actors at the institutional and private levels, which is where the majority of environmental and productive projects and initiatives meet with obstacles. Finally, the role of gastronomy is considered as a new lens for the study of territorial dynamics and networks, in order to consider the inherent link between food production and the environment. It is especially important to consider the role and value of this new pillar of development in the current national context in which native crops and local agrobiodiversity are being revalued, and the demand for sustainable agricultural practices and fair-trade chains is spreading....
Agriculture is the human activity par excellence, which over the years has been adapted to different demands and temporal-spatial contexts. Currently, Peru is a country characterized by activities in the primary sector, including its global export agriculture, though it is also known for its great agrobiodiversity and related gastronomy. Nevertheless, Peru is also a country with very low levels of socio-economic development that is experiencing widespread degradation of its natural resources, in part caused by agricultural activity. This study analyzes the close relationship between agriculture, ecological conservation and gastronomy in four communities in the district of Frias, province of Ayabaca, Piura (Huasipe, El Común, Chaye Grande and Las Pircas), and seeks to propose general guidelines for a sustainable management of the territory. Through surveys based on agroecological methods to farmers (ISSPA), interviews with key actors and residents, social actor mapping, and the use of GIS, it was possible to analyze the territorial development of the district. Results show that the environmental and agricultural problems and weaknesses perceived are also evident in the main failures of the productive systems of the farmers. Deforestation and the water contamination are the two main environmental problems which directly affect agricultural activity in Frias, even though most of the local agricultural practices directly aggravate these problems. On the other hand, thanks to the mapping of social actors, it was possible to demonstrate the importance of creating, maintaining and strengthening the links between social organizations and actors at the institutional and private levels, which is where the majority of environmental and productive projects and initiatives meet with obstacles. Finally, the role of gastronomy is considered as a new lens for the study of territorial dynamics and networks, in order to consider the inherent link between food production and the environment. It is especially important to consider the role and value of this new pillar of development in the current national context in which native crops and local agrobiodiversity are being revalued, and the demand for sustainable agricultural practices and fair-trade chains is spreading....
Hacia una arquitectura de tercera generación.
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Arquitectura, 2007)
procesos de sostenibilidad, desde el punto de vista filosófico, ético y disciplinar, para llegar a propuestas concretas dentro de este saber, que permitan pasar del discurso a la acción....