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Boletín Estado de la Opinión Pública: Medio ambiente
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Instituto de Opinión Pública (IOP), 2018)
Basada en la encuesta IOP_0507_01. Año II Mayo de 2007. IOP_0507_01_R_2
¿Cuál es el costo de la contaminación ambiental minera sobre los recursos hídricos en el Perú?
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2011)
En este estudio se aproximó el costo económico de la contaminación ambiental minera sobre los recursos hídricos para los años 2008 y 2009 a partir del marco conceptual de la Eficiencia Medioambiental (Pittman, 1981,1983; Färe et al., 1989; 1993...
This study estimates the economic cost of mining pollution on water resources for the years 2008 and 2009 based on the conceptual framework of Environmental Efficiency (Pittman, 1981.1983, Färe et al., 1989, 1993, 2003; Rao, 2000). This framework understands such costs as the mining companies trade-off between increasing production that is saleable at market prices (desirable-output) and reducing environmental pollution that emerges from the production process (output-undesirable). These economic costs were calculated from parametric and nonparametric production possibility frontiers to 28 and 37 mining units in 2008 and 2009, respectively, which were under the purview of the National Campaign for Environmental Monitoring of Effluent and Water Resources conducted by Energy and Mining Investment Supervisory Agency (OSINERGMIN) in those years. The results show that the economic cost of mining pollution on water resources raised to $ 814.7 million and U.S. $ 448.8 million for 2008 and 2009, respectively. This economic cost was highly concentrated in a few mining units, within a few pollution parameters, and was also higher in mining units with average/low mineral production. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Tobit regressions were not able to identify a pattern that explains the economic costs by using institutional, spatial and operational variables, which may be noted that it could be explained by factors related to the environmental management of mining production process. Taking into consideration that at present the fine and penalty system in the mining sector is based on an administrative-criteria, which does not fine for the potential environmental damage generated, the results of this study highlight the need to redesign this system based on an economic-criteria in order to establish a preventive mechanism of the pollution process in order to generate the necessary incentives for mining companies to address negative externalities that emerge from their production process....
This study estimates the economic cost of mining pollution on water resources for the years 2008 and 2009 based on the conceptual framework of Environmental Efficiency (Pittman, 1981.1983, Färe et al., 1989, 1993, 2003; Rao, 2000). This framework understands such costs as the mining companies trade-off between increasing production that is saleable at market prices (desirable-output) and reducing environmental pollution that emerges from the production process (output-undesirable). These economic costs were calculated from parametric and nonparametric production possibility frontiers to 28 and 37 mining units in 2008 and 2009, respectively, which were under the purview of the National Campaign for Environmental Monitoring of Effluent and Water Resources conducted by Energy and Mining Investment Supervisory Agency (OSINERGMIN) in those years. The results show that the economic cost of mining pollution on water resources raised to $ 814.7 million and U.S. $ 448.8 million for 2008 and 2009, respectively. This economic cost was highly concentrated in a few mining units, within a few pollution parameters, and was also higher in mining units with average/low mineral production. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Tobit regressions were not able to identify a pattern that explains the economic costs by using institutional, spatial and operational variables, which may be noted that it could be explained by factors related to the environmental management of mining production process. Taking into consideration that at present the fine and penalty system in the mining sector is based on an administrative-criteria, which does not fine for the potential environmental damage generated, the results of this study highlight the need to redesign this system based on an economic-criteria in order to establish a preventive mechanism of the pollution process in order to generate the necessary incentives for mining companies to address negative externalities that emerge from their production process....
Impactos ambientales de la minería aurífera y percepción local en la microcuenca Huacamayo, Madre de Dios
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012-02-01)
percepción de la población respecto a los principales impactos y sus
consecuencias se basa en encuestas y entrevistas.
En la fase de explotación minera los principales impactos directos son:
deforestación, remoción del suelo, alteración de la morfología y del...
Residuos tóxicos en la Amazonía peruana. Condiciones de salud y habitabilidad en poblaciones ribereñas de la ciudad de Iquitos
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Instituto de la Naturaleza, Tierra y Energía (INTE-PUCP), 2024)
En la Amazonía peruana, dos asentamientos humanos del distrito de
Punchana de la ciudad de Iquitos —Iván Vásquez Valera y 21 de Septiembre—
interpusieron una demanda judicial en el año 2016 por falta de agua,
desagüe y recolección de residuos...
In the Peruvian Amazon, two human settlements in the Punchana district of the city of Iquitos — Iván Vásquez Valera and 21 de Septiembre — filed a lawsuit in 2016 due to lack of water, sewage, and solid waste collection. The population has been living for 20 years on top of an open canal, into which all kinds of pollutants from a hospital, the municipal slaughterhouse of the city, and a gas plant operated by Petroperú are discharged. This book stems from research on the population’s health situation and its connection with environmental contamination, aiming to serve as evidence before the Constitutional Court of Peru. The research was conducted from the field of medical anthropology and was complemented with analysis of water, mud, soil, and air to assess their quality. These tests were carried out in three laboratories (one in Peru and two in Colombia), where cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, presence of microorganisms, antimicrobial resistance, oils and fats, total petroleum hydrocarbons, coliform enumeration, trihalomethanes- THM, BTEX, chemical oxygen demand, and metals were analyzed. The laboratory analysis results were positive for oils and fats, chemical oxygen demand, metals, toxicity, pathogens, and microbial resistance. These results, along with epidemiological data and information obtained from anthropological fieldwork, raise concerns about the contamination affecting the inhabitants of these settlements. The most common health problems suffered by the residents — diarrhea, fever, vomiting, various skin diseases, parasites, intestinal problems, infections, and tumors — could be related to the pollutants to which they are exposed due to indiscriminate discharge of various substances from industrial and domestic waste. This research formed the basis on which the Constitutional Court relied to issue a favorable ruling for the population, declaring the lack of water and sewage and the violation of the right to a dignified life unconstitutional....
In the Peruvian Amazon, two human settlements in the Punchana district of the city of Iquitos — Iván Vásquez Valera and 21 de Septiembre — filed a lawsuit in 2016 due to lack of water, sewage, and solid waste collection. The population has been living for 20 years on top of an open canal, into which all kinds of pollutants from a hospital, the municipal slaughterhouse of the city, and a gas plant operated by Petroperú are discharged. This book stems from research on the population’s health situation and its connection with environmental contamination, aiming to serve as evidence before the Constitutional Court of Peru. The research was conducted from the field of medical anthropology and was complemented with analysis of water, mud, soil, and air to assess their quality. These tests were carried out in three laboratories (one in Peru and two in Colombia), where cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, presence of microorganisms, antimicrobial resistance, oils and fats, total petroleum hydrocarbons, coliform enumeration, trihalomethanes- THM, BTEX, chemical oxygen demand, and metals were analyzed. The laboratory analysis results were positive for oils and fats, chemical oxygen demand, metals, toxicity, pathogens, and microbial resistance. These results, along with epidemiological data and information obtained from anthropological fieldwork, raise concerns about the contamination affecting the inhabitants of these settlements. The most common health problems suffered by the residents — diarrhea, fever, vomiting, various skin diseases, parasites, intestinal problems, infections, and tumors — could be related to the pollutants to which they are exposed due to indiscriminate discharge of various substances from industrial and domestic waste. This research formed the basis on which the Constitutional Court relied to issue a favorable ruling for the population, declaring the lack of water and sewage and the violation of the right to a dignified life unconstitutional....
Modelo prolab: AQP compost, una propuesta sostenible para mejorar la calidad de la producción agrícola
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-04-09)
de basura acumulada produce la degradación de suelos, lo
cual los vuelve estériles y genera la pérdida del valor del suelo; por otro lado, se pueden mencionar
la emisión de gases contaminantes, malos olores, elevación de la temperatura atmosférica...
The generation of waste in Arequipa is an issue that is becoming more relevant among citizens due to the impacts generated by pollution and overflow of landfills due to the amount of waste generated daily, among these impacts can be mentioned: The generation of infectious foci due to the amount of accumulated garbage, which promote the appearance of insects and rodents, which become vectors of diseases; likewise, the amount of accumulated garbage produces soil degradation, which makes them sterile and generates the loss of soil value; In addition, the amount of garbage accumulated causes soil degradation, which makes it infertile and generates a loss of soil value; on the other hand, the emission of contaminating gases, bad odors, higher atmospheric temperatures, and the presence of dust and contaminating particles, among others, affect the quality of life of the Arequipa population, especially those living near the city's main dumps. In 2021, an average of 1.59 kg of waste was generated per day per inhabitant (Municipalidad Provincial de Arequipa, 2017). Likewise, Campos (2022) details that 55.05% of the total waste generated daily is organic solid waste, which is not used. In addition to this problem, there is a low supply of synthetic fertilizers, which are being offered at high prices that farmers cannot afford, which is why "AQP Compost", an organic compost that will replace synthetic fertilizers through a positive impact on society and the environment, was created in response to these two problems. As part of the development of the project, the project was defined based on the production of compost and a market analysis was carried out, which showed that there are no major competitors in the field to cover the entire demand, which is why the project can be carried out. Likewise, through user research it was identified that the project would be oriented mainly to farmers, as well as gardeners, housewives, municipalities and other users interested in fertilizing their crops, managing to design a product and two services, which were reflected in the canvas of the business model. As a result, it was determined that the project is desirable, feasible and viable, generating a financial NPV of S/. 4,156,019 its equivalent of $1,079,485.39 and a social NPV of S/ 4,375,999.51, equivalent to $ 1,136,623.25, achieving to address SDG 3 Health and well-being, SDG 12 Responsible Production and Consumption and SDG 13 Climate Action....
The generation of waste in Arequipa is an issue that is becoming more relevant among citizens due to the impacts generated by pollution and overflow of landfills due to the amount of waste generated daily, among these impacts can be mentioned: The generation of infectious foci due to the amount of accumulated garbage, which promote the appearance of insects and rodents, which become vectors of diseases; likewise, the amount of accumulated garbage produces soil degradation, which makes them sterile and generates the loss of soil value; In addition, the amount of garbage accumulated causes soil degradation, which makes it infertile and generates a loss of soil value; on the other hand, the emission of contaminating gases, bad odors, higher atmospheric temperatures, and the presence of dust and contaminating particles, among others, affect the quality of life of the Arequipa population, especially those living near the city's main dumps. In 2021, an average of 1.59 kg of waste was generated per day per inhabitant (Municipalidad Provincial de Arequipa, 2017). Likewise, Campos (2022) details that 55.05% of the total waste generated daily is organic solid waste, which is not used. In addition to this problem, there is a low supply of synthetic fertilizers, which are being offered at high prices that farmers cannot afford, which is why "AQP Compost", an organic compost that will replace synthetic fertilizers through a positive impact on society and the environment, was created in response to these two problems. As part of the development of the project, the project was defined based on the production of compost and a market analysis was carried out, which showed that there are no major competitors in the field to cover the entire demand, which is why the project can be carried out. Likewise, through user research it was identified that the project would be oriented mainly to farmers, as well as gardeners, housewives, municipalities and other users interested in fertilizing their crops, managing to design a product and two services, which were reflected in the canvas of the business model. As a result, it was determined that the project is desirable, feasible and viable, generating a financial NPV of S/. 4,156,019 its equivalent of $1,079,485.39 and a social NPV of S/ 4,375,999.51, equivalent to $ 1,136,623.25, achieving to address SDG 3 Health and well-being, SDG 12 Responsible Production and Consumption and SDG 13 Climate Action....
Análisis sobre la responsabilidad administrativa de PETROPERÚ S.A. por daños ambientales reales y potenciales en las resoluciones del Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental - OEFA por los derrames de petróleo del Oleoducto Norperuano en Imaza y Morona
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2021-08-23)
adecuadas para el control y remediación de los derrames.
Asimismo, OEFA acreditó la generación de daños reales y potenciales por la
contaminación de los ríos, suelos, flora y fauna del ecosistema, así como daños a la salud
de la población local indígena...
Conciencia ambiental para generar aprendizajes significativos y entornos saludables: plan de acción.
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018)
orgánico, áreas abandonadas, contaminación del suelo y ambientes de su entorno. Después de hacer un análisis hemos llegado a la conclusión de plantear el siguiente problema: Enfoque ambiental en la escuela, no permite generar aprendizajes significativos y...
Boletín Estado de la Opinión Pública: Medio Ambiente
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Instituto de Opinión Pública (IOP), 2018)
Basada en la encuesta IOP_0508_01. Año III Mayo de 2008. IOP_0508_01_R_3
Elaboración de criterios para la transformación de pasivos mineros en activos socio-ambientales sostenibles.
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013-07-12)
gestión de suelos.
La minería moderna contempla la ejecución de planes de cierre con criterios para controlar la contaminación ambiental una vez cerrada la operación minera pero no contempla la posibilidad de utilizar el espacio ocupado por la mina en uno...
Modelo prolab: Pachawak producción de sustrato de fibra de coco, una propuesta sostenible para mejorar la calidad en la producción de cultivos frutales
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2023-10-16)
arándanos, tomates, fresas, frambuesas, etc. De esta manera, se estará
reduciendo la contaminación del ambiente, el uso indiscriminado del agua y fertilizantes, y
contribuyendo directamente con el cambio climático en el mundo.
El Salvador, Tonga y el Perú...
There are many agricultural companies that have a high demand for fertilizers for the fertilization of the land and plantations; this high degree of use generate to a negative impact on the environment (soil, air and water). Likewise, there is a dependency on the Russian fertilizer market to supply agricultural producers internationally. Currently, this supply is affected by the geopolitical context of the war between Russia and Ukraine, causing the costs of fertilizers to increase and their production and supply worldwide to have been affected. In this sense, the Pachawak business model has been proposed to produce of coconut fiber substrate, based on the use of its shell, which is obtained as waste from the consumption of coconut pulp and water. These products will be used to replace land use, generate less water consumption and less fertilizer to produce different agricultural crops such as blueberries, tomatoes, strawberries, raspberries, etc. In this way, you will be reducing environmental pollution, the indiscriminate use of water and fertilizers, and directly contributing to climate change in the world. Salvador, Tonga, and Peru were the countries with the highest average coconut production yield, with 29.4, 20.0, and 14.8 tons per hectare, respectively, thus exceeding the world average yield by 453.8%, 276.30%, and 179.10%, which it was 5.3 tons per hectare (Olmo, 2021). Thus, with an investment of 892,052 soles, this business model will generate a net present value of 1’184,166 soles over a five-year horizon. Likewise, an environmental impact will be generated 2’699,265 soles promoting the use of environmentally friendly alternatives and raising awareness among agricultural producers about the responsible use of natural resources....
There are many agricultural companies that have a high demand for fertilizers for the fertilization of the land and plantations; this high degree of use generate to a negative impact on the environment (soil, air and water). Likewise, there is a dependency on the Russian fertilizer market to supply agricultural producers internationally. Currently, this supply is affected by the geopolitical context of the war between Russia and Ukraine, causing the costs of fertilizers to increase and their production and supply worldwide to have been affected. In this sense, the Pachawak business model has been proposed to produce of coconut fiber substrate, based on the use of its shell, which is obtained as waste from the consumption of coconut pulp and water. These products will be used to replace land use, generate less water consumption and less fertilizer to produce different agricultural crops such as blueberries, tomatoes, strawberries, raspberries, etc. In this way, you will be reducing environmental pollution, the indiscriminate use of water and fertilizers, and directly contributing to climate change in the world. Salvador, Tonga, and Peru were the countries with the highest average coconut production yield, with 29.4, 20.0, and 14.8 tons per hectare, respectively, thus exceeding the world average yield by 453.8%, 276.30%, and 179.10%, which it was 5.3 tons per hectare (Olmo, 2021). Thus, with an investment of 892,052 soles, this business model will generate a net present value of 1’184,166 soles over a five-year horizon. Likewise, an environmental impact will be generated 2’699,265 soles promoting the use of environmentally friendly alternatives and raising awareness among agricultural producers about the responsible use of natural resources....