(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial, 2005) Gelles, Jan-David
In this working paper an examination is made of the logical balance of the deductive argument that commonly appears in various economic texts to justify a system of patents of invention. The examination mentioned should be applied in times of radical technological change in the world to avoid a priori extensions of the legal and institutional protection provided by a system of patents of invention based on past technological realities. The result of the examination shows partial lack of balance when proper account is taken of the financial expenses and coordination efforts by governments as well as of the free distribution of useful knowledge in the fields of biotechnology and the Internet. To refer to that non-legitimate appropriation of public knowledge by the private sector the term ‘epistemo-piracy’ is coined by analogy with ‘bio-piracy’ of common use. The fields of biotechnology and the Internet were chosen because they are preponderant to explain the rise in the number of patents of invention in the world.
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial, 2005) Trivelli, Carolina
This document is based on the reading of collected by the surveys with the objective to relate the variables of poverty and ethnicity for the Peruvian case. One of its main results is that Peru is a country with an important indigenous population. Altogether the 33.7% of the Peruvian homes are indigenous homes, being the main ethnic group the one of Quechua speech (77% of the indigenous homes). These homes face indices of superior poverty mainly and extreme poverty that the non-indigenous homes: of the total of poor homes the 43.4% are indigenous, whereas the 52.4% of extreme the poor homes are indigenous. The obtained results show that although the being member of an indigenous home is related to the condition of poverty (the probability of being poor is greater 11% in the indigenous homes that in the non-indigenous homes), this relation varies from a region to another one, being narrower in area rural and nonexistent means in Metropolitan Lima. Also, along with the education, the experience and the region, the indigenous condition is excellent in the determination of the labor income, since the members of non-indigenous homes have labor income that practically double the income of the members of indigenous homes. But, the ethnic variable is not single in the characterization of the differences in the Peruvian homes, because in all the subjects treated in this document they appear two additional variables that are necessary to understand the differences: geographic location and gender.
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial, 2005) Jimenez, Félix
La actual política fiscal no diferencia los gastos de capital de los gastos corrientes. La regla vigente de fijación de metas globales de déficit convierte al gasto no financiero en una variable procíclica, y la inversión pública es la que se ajusta para cumplir las metas de déficit. Esta política fiscal procíclica ha reducido la inversión pública a niveles mínimos sin precedentes históricos, conspirando así contra el desarrollo y la competitividad del país. En este trabajo se propone: 1) cambiar la política de gasto, eliminando el sesgo procíclico de la inversión pública; y 2) rediseñar la contabilidad fiscal. Para ello el presupuesto público debe dividirse en dos partes: uno de gasto corriente, con una meta de ahorro o de superávit primario corriente anual, y otro de gasto de inversión basado en una regla de destinar el endeudamiento, a lo largo del ciclo económico, a financiar solo el gasto de inversión y no el gasto corriente. Esta es la Regla de Oro de la Inversión pública. A esta regla se le adiciona otra según la cual la deuda neta del gobierno como porcentaje del PBI debe mantenerse, durante el ciclo económico, en un nivel sostenible. Asimismo, se plantea rediseñar la contabilidad fiscal sobre la base del nuevo sistema de contabilidad del FMI. Con este sistema, la Regla de Oro se hace aún más comprensible: cuando el resultado operativo es igual a cero, la inversión neta sería exactamente igual al endeudamiento. Por tanto, el único resultado coherente con la Regla de Oro en esta nueva contabilidad es que el ahorro corriente o resultado operativo sea nulo sobre el ciclo económico.
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial, 2005) Francke, Pedro; Mendoza, Waldo
This paper is a balance of the Peruvian economic policies, taken by government inthe last decade. We focus on determining, based on the available literature, whetheror not these polices have improved the economic well-being of poor people. Furthermore,this balance allow us to give the agenda for future research on these areas, aswell as to shed some light about the pro-poor necessary policies. There are several policies that have been taken into account in this balance. Macroeconomicpolicies; trade and investment policies; specific sector promotion policies(agriculture, industry and mining sector); labor (both formal and informal), capitaland land markets; regulation of goods and services markets (telecommunications andelectricity); taxation policies; public expenditure; security and risk management mechanismsand, finally, regional policies.
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial, 2005) García-Cobián Jáuregui, Ramón
The article tries to complete the “overshooting” model of Dornsbusch, explicitly including a dynamic equation for the money market, because he treats this only in an intuitive way, as if there was an infinite speed of adjustment. After pointing out some errors in the original work, it is showed that the hypotheses made by Dornsbusch are sufficient for the completed model to exhibit the wanted “overshooting”.
