Análisis de la prohibición en la deducción de gastos de operaciones en regímenes fiscales preferenciales, prevista en la Ley del Impuesto a la Renta, en oposición a la acción 5 del Plan Beps
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Date
2020-10-06
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
Desde inicios del siglo XX la comunidad internacional detectó pérdidas
recaudatorias millonarias en el impuesto sobre sociedades, lo cual incentivó a que la
“Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE)” y el G-20,
desplegaran una lucha coordinada con diferentes países contra la planificación fiscal
agresiva y el fraude fiscal; por tal motivo, una de las acciones planteadas en el plan
“BEPS”, ha sido la acción 5, mediante la cual se propuso combatir en contra de las
prácticas fiscales perjudiciales, teniendo en consideración la sustancia y la
transparencia como prioridad.
Esta acción, centró su ámbito de aplicación en dos ejes fundamentales:
1. Regímenes fiscales preferenciales; y,
2. Los acuerdos con las Administraciones Tributarias o también llamados “Tax
Rulings”.
La presente investigación analizará la aplicación del estándar mínimo de la acción 5 del
plan BEPS, referida a los regímenes fiscales preferenciales y, si éste referente
internacionalmente aceptado, estaría siendo acogido de forma coherente en nuestra
legislación interna “ley del impuesto a la renta (LIR)”; cabe señalar, que el análisis
efectuado se encuentra al margen de la perspectiva constitucional que el presente
trabajo podría abordar.
En tal sentido, se dilucidará la existencia de incertidumbre jurídica en los contribuyentes
que realicen operaciones internacionales, en los regímenes catalogados por la OCDE
como “regímenes fiscales preferenciales”, toda vez que de acuerdo a nuestra legislación
se encontrarían impedidos de deducir sus gastos y la pérdida de capital, pese a realizar
una actividad sustancial que podría legitimar su deducción.
En éste trabajo, igualmente se desarrollará la importancia de una regulación para las
deducciones de gastos en “actividades de Investigación y Desarrollo (I+D)”, toda vez
que se propone que los contribuyentes puedan utilizar ésta normativa como el requisito
de “actividad sustancial” para legitimar sus operaciones en “regímenes fiscales
preferenciales”, asimilando el análisis efectuado por la OCDE conforme a lo indicado en
la acción 5 del plan BEPS; sin embargo, se explicarán las trabas que asumen,
actualmente, los contribuyentes para certificar sus proyectos de I+D ante CONCYTEC,
lo cual origina que, gran parte de los contribuyentes, se encuentren imposibilitados a
deducir sus gastos en dichas actividades. En tal sentido, corresponde perfeccionar dicha
regulación a fin de que el contribuyente no se vea vulnerado desde una perspectiva
fiscal y, como una medida defensiva del Estado, se pueda lograr sustentar la legitimidad
de las operaciones en dichos regímenes preferentes.
Since the commencement of the twentieth century, the international community detected millionaire losses in government revenues, that problem encouraged the “Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)” and the G-20 to deploy a coordinated struggle with different countries contrary to tax evasion and avoidance, for this reason one of the strategies in the “Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)” has been the action 5 which was proposed to combat harmful tax practices. This action focused its scope on two fundamental problems: 1. “Preferential tax regimes”; and, 2. “Tax rulings”. The present investigation will analyze the application of the action 5 on harmful tax practices contained in the BEPS plan, referring to the preferential tax regimes and if this referent has been implemented in a coherent way in our national law. By the way, the analysis elaborated in this investigation is on the sideline of the constitutional perspective. In this sense, the research has been concentrated in the existence of legal uncertainly in taxpayers who carry out international operations in regimes classified by the OECD as “preferential tax regimes” because according to our legislations they would not be able to deduce their expenses and the loss of capital, despite carrying out a substantial activity that could legitimize their deductions. Also in this research will be developed the significance of a regulation for the deductions of expenses in activities of “Research and Development (R&D)” and how it could be used to legitimize the operations in “preferential tax regimes”, assimilating the analysis carried out by the OECD in accordance with the action 5; however, there are obstacles that taxpayers currently assume in our country to certify their R&D projects, which means that a large part of taxpayers are unable to deduct their expenses in that activities. In this sense, it is suitable to improve the legislation so the taxpayers would achieve the legitimacy of operations in those regimes. In conclusion, the present research seeks to find a solution to the presumption “iuris et de iure” of refuse the deduction of expenses and the loss of capital for operating in “preferential tax regimes” in rendering to the provisions of the subsection m) of article 44 of the income tax law of Peru
Since the commencement of the twentieth century, the international community detected millionaire losses in government revenues, that problem encouraged the “Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)” and the G-20 to deploy a coordinated struggle with different countries contrary to tax evasion and avoidance, for this reason one of the strategies in the “Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)” has been the action 5 which was proposed to combat harmful tax practices. This action focused its scope on two fundamental problems: 1. “Preferential tax regimes”; and, 2. “Tax rulings”. The present investigation will analyze the application of the action 5 on harmful tax practices contained in the BEPS plan, referring to the preferential tax regimes and if this referent has been implemented in a coherent way in our national law. By the way, the analysis elaborated in this investigation is on the sideline of the constitutional perspective. In this sense, the research has been concentrated in the existence of legal uncertainly in taxpayers who carry out international operations in regimes classified by the OECD as “preferential tax regimes” because according to our legislations they would not be able to deduce their expenses and the loss of capital, despite carrying out a substantial activity that could legitimize their deductions. Also in this research will be developed the significance of a regulation for the deductions of expenses in activities of “Research and Development (R&D)” and how it could be used to legitimize the operations in “preferential tax regimes”, assimilating the analysis carried out by the OECD in accordance with the action 5; however, there are obstacles that taxpayers currently assume in our country to certify their R&D projects, which means that a large part of taxpayers are unable to deduct their expenses in that activities. In this sense, it is suitable to improve the legislation so the taxpayers would achieve the legitimacy of operations in those regimes. In conclusion, the present research seeks to find a solution to the presumption “iuris et de iure” of refuse the deduction of expenses and the loss of capital for operating in “preferential tax regimes” in rendering to the provisions of the subsection m) of article 44 of the income tax law of Peru
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Keywords
Política fiscal, Organización para la Cooperación y Desarrollo Económico, Impuesto a la renta--Perú, Impuestos--Perú, Derecho tributario