Interpretación de fuentes históricas por alumnos de quinto de secundaria de un colegio privado de Arequipa
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2021-02-25
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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La enseñanza de la historia cumple un rol importante en la formación de los estudiantes, pues
su contenido requiere de un análisis interpretativo (Carretero y González, 2012), de
contextualización y evaluación de las fuentes históricas (Carretero y Limón, 1993); lo que
está vinculado al desarrollo del pensamiento crítico (Plá, 2012). Dichas habilidades
cognitivas podrían aparecer en la etapa de las operaciones formales (Inhelder y Piaget, 1958).
Por ello, el objetivo principal de dicha investigación fue evidenciar cómo interpretan fuentes
históricas los alumnos de quinto de secundaria de un colegio privado de Arequipa; teniendo
como objetivos secundarios, conocer si el tipo de experiencia educativa tiene algúna
influencia en la interpretacion de fuentes y, averiguar si existe alguna diferencia en la
interpretación de fuentes entre documentos con un fuerte vínculo identitario y documentos
con ninguna relación identitaria. Los participantes fueron 30 alumnos entre los 16 y 17 años,
de dos propuestas curriculares distintas, a quienes se les pidió que respondieran un
cuestionario y, se seleccionó a 6 para entrevistarlos. En dicho cuestionario, se planteó que
los estudiantes analicen fuentes históricas de dos conflictos bélicos. Los resultados mostraron
que los alumnos no reflejaron el desarrollo de las habilidades de análisis ni el uso de los
heurísticos propuestos (corroboración, contextualización y documentación). Empero, hubo
diferencias en las interpretaciones en cuanto a la experiencia educativa y la carga identitaria.
Estos resultados refelejan la importancia de facilitar que los estudiantes desarrollen
habilidades cognitivas que favorezcan el desarrollo del pensamiento histórico.
The teaching of history plays an important role in the training of students, since its content requires an interpretive analysis (Carretero and González, 2012), contextualization and evaluation of historical sources (Carretero and Limón, 1993); what is linked to the development of critical thinking (Plá, 2012). These cognitive abilities could appear in the stage of formal operations (Inhelder and Piaget, 1958). For this reason, the main objective of this research was to show how do fifth year high school students from a private school in Arequipa interpret historical sources; having as secondary objectives, to know if the type of educational experience has any influence on the interpretation of sources and, to find out if there is any difference in the interpretation of sources between documents with a strong identity link and documents with no identity relationship. The participants were 30 students between the ages of 16 and 17, from two different curricular proposals, who were asked to answer a questionnaire and 6 were selected for an interview. In this questionnaire, it was proposed that students analyze historical sources of two war conflicts. The results show that the students have not yet developed this analysis skills neither use the proposed heuristics (corroboration, contextualization and documentation). However, there were differences in the interpretations regarding the educational experience and identity link. These results reflect the importance of facilitating students to develop cognitive skills that stimulate the development of historical thinking.
The teaching of history plays an important role in the training of students, since its content requires an interpretive analysis (Carretero and González, 2012), contextualization and evaluation of historical sources (Carretero and Limón, 1993); what is linked to the development of critical thinking (Plá, 2012). These cognitive abilities could appear in the stage of formal operations (Inhelder and Piaget, 1958). For this reason, the main objective of this research was to show how do fifth year high school students from a private school in Arequipa interpret historical sources; having as secondary objectives, to know if the type of educational experience has any influence on the interpretation of sources and, to find out if there is any difference in the interpretation of sources between documents with a strong identity link and documents with no identity relationship. The participants were 30 students between the ages of 16 and 17, from two different curricular proposals, who were asked to answer a questionnaire and 6 were selected for an interview. In this questionnaire, it was proposed that students analyze historical sources of two war conflicts. The results show that the students have not yet developed this analysis skills neither use the proposed heuristics (corroboration, contextualization and documentation). However, there were differences in the interpretations regarding the educational experience and identity link. These results reflect the importance of facilitating students to develop cognitive skills that stimulate the development of historical thinking.
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Educación secundaria--Perú--Arequipa--Investigaciones, Historia--Fuentes, Historia--Estudio y enseñanza, Pensamiento crítico--Estudio y enseñanza (Secundaria)
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