Keynesianismo, monetarismo y nueva macroeconomía "clásica"
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1999
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía
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En este ensayo contiene las razones que diferencian a los enfoques keynesiano y monetarista sobre la posibilidad de que la economía se desvíe sistemáticamente de sus niveles naturales o de pleno empleo. Mientras los keynesianos argumentan que es posible este desvío porque las políticas monetarias expansivas con efectos positivos en el empleo y la producción, los monetaristas niegan que este desvío ocurra a largo plazo, es decir, niegan que sea sistemático, pero aceptan su ocurrencia a corto plazo. El ensayo incorpora también la crítica al monetarismo hecha por la escuela denominada nueva macroeconomía “clásica”. Esta rechaza la hipótesis de expectativas adaptativas utilizada por los monetaristas y en su lugar propone la hipótesis de expectativas racionales, para mostrar que no existen desvíos sistemáticos si los movimientos en la demanda son anticipados. Sólo las políticas no anticipadas provocan cambios en la demanda que, a corto plazo, desvían a la economía de sus niveles naturales. Se explica el significado de la neutralidad de la política, la regla de política óptima y la crítica de Lucas. El ensayo termina con la presentación de los métodos de solución de modelos con expectativas racionales.
This essay presents the keynesian and monetarisit approaches to the effects of monetary policies on output and employment. The keynesians argue that the monetary authorities could permanently increase output or employment by raising monetary growth, trading this off against a higher wage and price inflation. But, according to monetarists, a government attempting to trade off a higher inflation rate against lower unemployment will merely obtain a short run reduction in unemployment and a permanently higher inflation rate. The answer of new classical macroeconomists to monetarists is also analyzed. Monetarist argument is based on the adaptive expectations hypothesis. For the new classical economists real income and employment respond only to unanticipated demand changes; output never systematically deviates from its natural level and systematic government policy cannot affect real output or employment. This policy neutrality result is based on the rational expectations hypothesis. The meaning of policy optimality and Lucas critique are also analyzed. Finally, the essay presents the three basic methods for solving problems with rational expectation.
This essay presents the keynesian and monetarisit approaches to the effects of monetary policies on output and employment. The keynesians argue that the monetary authorities could permanently increase output or employment by raising monetary growth, trading this off against a higher wage and price inflation. But, according to monetarists, a government attempting to trade off a higher inflation rate against lower unemployment will merely obtain a short run reduction in unemployment and a permanently higher inflation rate. The answer of new classical macroeconomists to monetarists is also analyzed. Monetarist argument is based on the adaptive expectations hypothesis. For the new classical economists real income and employment respond only to unanticipated demand changes; output never systematically deviates from its natural level and systematic government policy cannot affect real output or employment. This policy neutrality result is based on the rational expectations hypothesis. The meaning of policy optimality and Lucas critique are also analyzed. Finally, the essay presents the three basic methods for solving problems with rational expectation.
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Economía Keynesiana, Modelos económicos, Política monetaria--Modelos matemáticos
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