Trabajo infantil en Perú: los factores que intervinieron en el desarrollo, implementación y resultados de la Estrategia Nacional para la Prevención y Erradicación del Trabajo Infantil - ENPETI (2012 - 2021)
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2023-07-12
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
La presente tesis brinda un panorama sobre la situación del trabajo infantil en el
Perú, en base al cual analiza la ENPETI (2012 - 2021), última herramienta de política
pública que brindó los lineamientos de acción frente al trabajo infantil en Perú. Dicho
análisis está enfocado en resolver la pregunta: ¿Qué factores intervinieron en el
desarrollo de la ENPETI (2012 - 2021)? Ello resulta necesario por la ausencia de
estudios sobre la controversia entorno al trabajo infantil. Para ello, se proponen
cuatro hipótesis: la primera desde los factores sociales, la segunda desde los
factores internacionales, la tercera desde los factores políticos y la cuarta desde los
factores estatales. Sin embargo, las hipótesis de los ámbitos social e internacional
fueron como conjunto la que tuvo la mayor relevancia en el desarrollo de la
estrategia. Ello se debe a la existencia de dos corrientes de opinión frente al trabajo
infantil, las cuales no pudieron ser tomadas en cuenta con eficacia para la estrategia
por parte del Estado peruano, quien asumió la postura proteccionista promovida por
la OIT. Dicha postura promueve la prevención y erradicación total del trabajo infantil.
Como consecuencia, ello perjudicó la implementación de la estrategia, pues la aún
alta tolerancia social frente a la problemática, ocasionó que el trabajo infantil se
posicione como un tema poco visible en la agenda pública, resaltando sólo con
mayor fuerza en la agenda gubernamental por influencia de la OIT. Debido a ello, el
trabajo infantil siguió constituyendo un problema para las instituciones nacionales,
pero no para la sociedad peruana.
This thesis provides an overview of the situation of child labor in Peru, based on which it analyzes the ENPETI (2012 - 2021), the latest public policy tool that provided guidelines for action against child labor in Peru. Said analysis is focused on solving the question: What factors intervened in the development of the ENPETI (2012 - 2021)? This is necessary due to the absence of studies on the controversy surrounding child labor. For this, four hypotheses are proposed: the first from social factors, the second from international factors, the third from political factors and the fourth from state factors. However, the hypotheses of the social and international spheres were as a whole the one that had the greatest relevance in the development of the strategy. This is due to the existence of two currents of opinion against child labor, which could not be effectively taken into account for the strategy by the Peruvian State, which assumed the protectionist position promoted by the ILO. This position promotes the prevention and total eradication of child labor. As a consequence, this harmed the implementation of the strategy, since the still high social tolerance towards the problem caused child labor to position itself as an inconspicuous issue on the public agenda, standing out only with greater force in the government agenda due to the ILO’s influence. As a result, child labor continued to be a problem for national institutions, but not for Peruvian society.
This thesis provides an overview of the situation of child labor in Peru, based on which it analyzes the ENPETI (2012 - 2021), the latest public policy tool that provided guidelines for action against child labor in Peru. Said analysis is focused on solving the question: What factors intervened in the development of the ENPETI (2012 - 2021)? This is necessary due to the absence of studies on the controversy surrounding child labor. For this, four hypotheses are proposed: the first from social factors, the second from international factors, the third from political factors and the fourth from state factors. However, the hypotheses of the social and international spheres were as a whole the one that had the greatest relevance in the development of the strategy. This is due to the existence of two currents of opinion against child labor, which could not be effectively taken into account for the strategy by the Peruvian State, which assumed the protectionist position promoted by the ILO. This position promotes the prevention and total eradication of child labor. As a consequence, this harmed the implementation of the strategy, since the still high social tolerance towards the problem caused child labor to position itself as an inconspicuous issue on the public agenda, standing out only with greater force in the government agenda due to the ILO’s influence. As a result, child labor continued to be a problem for national institutions, but not for Peruvian society.
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Políticas públicas--Perú, Trabajo infantil--Política gubernamental--Perú, Bienestar infantil--Política gubernamental--Perú
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