La vida después de la violencia en Ayacucho. Percepción y cambios en el paisaje de Sacsamarca post conflicto armado interno.
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2021-08-04
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
A inicios de la década de los ochenta, la sierra fue escenario de uno de los
periodos más violentos de la historia del Perú con el estallido del Conflicto
Armado Interno (CAI) (1980-2000). Este acontecimiento provocó la destrucción
del sistema de producción agrícola y pecuaria local en diversas comunidades
altoandinas que resultaron con consecuencias devastadoras: tierras de cultivo
abandonadas, poblaciones y estancias saqueadas y arrebatadas de sus
pobladores. Fueron años donde el sistema ganadero y agrícola de las
comunidades campesinas del país se encontraban debilitadas y destruidas por la
violencia. En la comunidad de Sacsamarca, región de Ayacucho, los pastores
supieron hacer frente a este contexto con el empleo de nuevas prácticas
ganaderas que buscan construir y recuperar el sistema ganadero luego de los
efectos del CAI. Estas formas de adaptación son evidencias de los cambios que
han ocurrido en el paisaje a través del tiempo. En este sentido, esta investigación
propone identificar y comprender los cambios en el paisaje de Sacsamarca luego
del CAI y los efectos que han producido en el uso del espacio ganadero y en la
actividad pastoril de la comunidad. Para obtener esta información, se realizó un
análisis histórico del paisaje que analiza y describe el panorama de Sacsamarca,
antes, durante y después del periodo de violencia, los actores y fuerzas que
participaron en la producción del espacio ganadero. Además, se empleó un
estudio de percepción a los pastores para comprender la imagen mental que
tienen sobre el paisaje. La vegetación resulta ser un elemento clave para entender
la visión de los pastores sobre el pasado y futuro de Sacsamarca. Los resultados
de la investigación resaltan la influencia del CAI como precedente histórico
importante en el paisaje de Sacsamarca. Este hecho histórico provocó cambios
radicales en la gestión de los recursos (pastos) y en el uso del espacio ganadero
(pastoreo).
At the beginning of the eighties, the mountains were the scene of one of the most violent periods in the history of Peru with the outbreak of the Internal Armed Conflict (CAI) (1980-2000). This event caused the destruction of the local agricultural and livestock production system in various high Andean communities that resulted with devastating consequences: abandoned farmlands, populations and ranches looted and taken from their inhabitants. They were years when the livestock and agricultural systems of the country's peasant communities were weakened and destroyed by violence. In the community of Sacsamarca, Ayacucho region, the shepherds were able to cope with this context with the use of new livestock practices that seek to seek and recover the livestock system after the effects of the CAI. These forms of adaptation are evidence of the changes that have occurred in the landscape over time. In this sense, this research proposes to identify and understand the changes in the landscape of Sacsamarca after the CAI and the effects they have produced in the use of the livestock space and in the pastoral activity of the community. To obtain this information, a historical analysis of the landscape was carried out that analyzes and describes the panorama of Sacsamarca, before, during and after the period of violence, the actors and forces that participated in the production of the livestock space. In addition, a perception study of the shepherds was used to understand the mental image they have of the landscape. The resulting vegetation will be a key element to understand the vision of the shepherds about the past and future of Sacsamarca. The results of the research highlight the influence of CAI as an important historical precedent in the landscape of Sacsamarca. This historical fact caused radical changes in the management of resources (pastures) and in the use of livestock space (grazing).
At the beginning of the eighties, the mountains were the scene of one of the most violent periods in the history of Peru with the outbreak of the Internal Armed Conflict (CAI) (1980-2000). This event caused the destruction of the local agricultural and livestock production system in various high Andean communities that resulted with devastating consequences: abandoned farmlands, populations and ranches looted and taken from their inhabitants. They were years when the livestock and agricultural systems of the country's peasant communities were weakened and destroyed by violence. In the community of Sacsamarca, Ayacucho region, the shepherds were able to cope with this context with the use of new livestock practices that seek to seek and recover the livestock system after the effects of the CAI. These forms of adaptation are evidence of the changes that have occurred in the landscape over time. In this sense, this research proposes to identify and understand the changes in the landscape of Sacsamarca after the CAI and the effects they have produced in the use of the livestock space and in the pastoral activity of the community. To obtain this information, a historical analysis of the landscape was carried out that analyzes and describes the panorama of Sacsamarca, before, during and after the period of violence, the actors and forces that participated in the production of the livestock space. In addition, a perception study of the shepherds was used to understand the mental image they have of the landscape. The resulting vegetation will be a key element to understand the vision of the shepherds about the past and future of Sacsamarca. The results of the research highlight the influence of CAI as an important historical precedent in the landscape of Sacsamarca. This historical fact caused radical changes in the management of resources (pastures) and in the use of livestock space (grazing).
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Violencia política--Perú--Ayacucho--1990-2000, Terrorismo--Perú--Ayacucho--1990-2000, Paisajes culturales-Perú--Sacsamarca (Ayacucho : Distrito), Percepción geográfica
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