La macroeconomía de una economía abierta: el mercado de trabajo y la oferta agregada
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2003
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía
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En este trabajo estudiamos el funcionamiento del mercado de trabajo, del cual se deriva la curva de oferta agregada, para el caso de una economía cerrada y abierta, en el corto, mediano y largo plazo. En una economía abierta, una parte importante de los costos de producción se derivan de la utilización de insumos importados en la fabricación de los productos. Por lo tanto, el nivel de precios doméstico, además de depender del nivel del salario nominal, está también asociado a factores como el tipo de cambio o al precio internacional de los insumos importados. En el corto plazo, dado que el salario nominal y el tipo de cambio son independientes del nivel de actividad, el nivel de precios es constante y por lo tanto la oferta agregada es perfectamente elástica. En el mediano plazo, un incremento del nivel de actividad económica, al reducir la tasa de desempleo, produce un incremento de los salarios, lo cual eleva los costos de producción de las empresas y el nivel de precios de la economía. Por tanto, las empresas están dispuestas a ofrecer una mayor producción pero a un nivel de precios más elevado. En el largo plazo, los precios no influyen en el nivel de actividad económica, esto implica que la oferta agregada es perfectamente inelástica. Luego de presentar las distintas versiones de la oferta agregada, en la parte final del trabajo se realizan ejercicios de estática comparativa para mostrar los efectos en la oferta agregada ante el cambio tecnológico y el incremento del precio internacional del petróleo.
In this paper we study the operation of the labor market, of which is derived the curve of aggregate supply, for the case of a closed and open economy, in the short, medium and Iong term. In an open economy, an important part of the production costs is derived of the use of imported inputs in the fabrication of the products. Therefore, the domestic level of prices, besides depending on the level of the nominal wage, is also associated to factors like the exchange rate or to the international price of the imported inputs. In the short term, since the nominal wage and the exchange rate are independent of the activity level, the level of prices is constant and therefore the aggregate supply is perfectly elastic. In the medium term, an increment of the level of economic activity, when reducing the unemployment rate, produces an increment of the wages, that which elevates the costs of production of the companies and the level of prices of the economy. Therefore, the companies are willing to offer a bigger production but at a higher level of prices. In the long term, the prices don’t influence in the level of economic activity, this implies that the aggregate supply is perfectly inelastic. After presenting the different versions of the aggregate supply, in the final part of the paper we carried out exercises of comparative static to show the effects in the aggregate supply of the technological change and the increment of the international price of the petroleum.
In this paper we study the operation of the labor market, of which is derived the curve of aggregate supply, for the case of a closed and open economy, in the short, medium and Iong term. In an open economy, an important part of the production costs is derived of the use of imported inputs in the fabrication of the products. Therefore, the domestic level of prices, besides depending on the level of the nominal wage, is also associated to factors like the exchange rate or to the international price of the imported inputs. In the short term, since the nominal wage and the exchange rate are independent of the activity level, the level of prices is constant and therefore the aggregate supply is perfectly elastic. In the medium term, an increment of the level of economic activity, when reducing the unemployment rate, produces an increment of the wages, that which elevates the costs of production of the companies and the level of prices of the economy. Therefore, the companies are willing to offer a bigger production but at a higher level of prices. In the long term, the prices don’t influence in the level of economic activity, this implies that the aggregate supply is perfectly inelastic. After presenting the different versions of the aggregate supply, in the final part of the paper we carried out exercises of comparative static to show the effects in the aggregate supply of the technological change and the increment of the international price of the petroleum.
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Macroeconomía, Mercado de trabajo
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