Escolaridad y trabajo infantil: patrones y determinantes de la asignación del tiempo de niños y adolescentes en Lima Metropolitana
Archivos
Fecha
2008
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía
DOI
Resumen
La investigación analizó los patrones de asignación del tiempo y, en particular, las consecuencias del trabajo infantil sobre la acumulación de escolaridad de niños, niñas y adolescentes. Conceptualmente, el estudió partió de un enfoque interdisciplinario. Desde la economía, tomó el enfoque de Becker centrado en las estrategias para asignar recursos al interior del hogar e incorporó los aportes de la antropología cultural, la psicología de la familia y la sociología. Metodológicamente, la investigación tuvo dos etapas. En la primera, a partir de encuestas nacionales, se analizó la evolución y tendencias del trabajo infantil y escolaridad en los últimos años. La segunda etapa consistió en el levantamiento de información primaria, cuantitativa y cualitativa, e incluyó encuestas, matrices de asignación del tiempo, grupos focales, reconstrucciones fotográficas y trabajo etnográfico. El trabajo de campo se realizó en tres entornos de Lima Metropolitana con alta incidencia de “trabajo infantil peligroso”: (i) Reciclaje de residuos sólidos (Lomas de Carabayllo, Cono Norte), (ii) fabricación de ladrillos (Huachipa, Cono Este) y (iii) comercio ambulatorio (Mercado Mayorista Nº 1 “La Parada”, Lima Centro). Los resultados del análisis de las fuentes secundarias evidenciaron que aún no existe una metodología estandarizada para la recolección de información sobre actividades laborales para los niños, niñas y adolescentes. Asimismo, los datos mostraron que alrededor de una cuarta parte de los menores entre 6 y 16 años tenían alguna participación directa en actividades generadoras de ingresos familiares. La evidencia también sugirió que, en este mismo grupo de edad, la gran mayoría asiste a la escuela (i.e., incluso quienes son parte de la fuerza laboral). Esto indicaría que no existe un claro conflicto entre asistencia a la escuela y trabajo. Por otro lado, los resultados del trabajo de campo arrojaron que la tasa de participación de los niños, niñas y adolescentes era superior al 65% en todas las actividades. Las actividades recreativas y escolares son las que mayor participación reportaron (84,5% y 83,1%, respectivamente), seguidas por las laborales y las domésticas (69,6% y 66,9%, respectivamente). En ese sentido, la asignación del tiempo en las actividades escolares estaría en fuerte competencia con las demás. Asimismo, aquéllos que sólo trabajan, tal como ocurre con los que trabajan y estudian, dedican la proporción más alta de su tiempo a actividades laborales. No obstante, en este caso dicha asignación es por más del doble de tiempo. El tiempo dedicado a actividades educativas (i.e., leer, escribir o estudiar) es nulo. De otro lado, al reconstruir la jornada de 24 horas diarias, los resultados refuerzan lo hallado – Mayor presión sobre el tiempo de los niños, niñas y adolescentes que sólo trabajan quienes, además de tener una jornada activa más extensa, son los que menor descanso obtienen en promedio. Finalmente, se concluyó que: (i) La escolaridad y la participación en actividades económicas son actividades complementarias en términos de asignación del tiempo; (ii) la competencia en la asignación del tiempo ejerce presión sobre la calidad de los resultados educativos, (iii) subsisten diferencias según género y (iv) el uso de técnicas de investigación mixtas favorece la obtención de respuestas más complejas. Asimismo, a partir de los resultados, se recomienda: (i) Enfatizar la implementación de programas de transferencias condicionadas, (ii) generar y consolidar los sistemas de información existentes, (iii) articular intervenciones a través de alianzas con otros actores y (iv) propiciar espacios para la difusión de resultados de investigación.
This research study analyzed the patterns of time allocation, in particular, the consequences of child labor on the accumulation of schooling among children and adolescents. Conceptually, the study departed from an interdisciplinary approach. From economy, we used Becker’s theoretical approach that focuses on intra-household strategies for resource allocation and incorporated the contributions of cultural anthropology, family psychology and sociology. Methodologically, the investigation had two stages. The first one, based on national household survey data, analyzed the evolution and trends of child labor and schooling during recent years. The second stage consisted of the analysis of primary information, quantitative and qualitative, and included household surveys, matrixes of time allocation, focus groups, photographic reconstructions and ethnographic work. Fieldwork was conducted in three sites in Metropolitan Lima which are characterized by high rates of “hazardous child labor”: (i) Recycling of solid waste (Lomas de Carabayllo, Northern Lima), (ii) brick manufacture (Huachipa, Eastern Lima) and (iii) ambulatory trade (Market No. 1 “La Parada”). The results of secondary data evidenced that there is still a need for a standardized methodology for gathering information on child and adolescent labor. Data also showed that about one quarter of children aged 6 to 16 had direct involvement in some family income generating activity. The evidence also suggested that in this same age group, the vast majority attended school (i.e., even those who are part of the workforce). This might indicate that there is not a clear conflict between school attendance and work. Moreover, fieldwork results suggested that the participation rate of children and adolescents is higher than 65% in all activities. Recreational activities and schooling are those that reported greater involvement (84.5% and 83.1% respectively), followed by labor and domestic ones (69.6% and 66.9% respectively). In that sense, the allocation of time among school activities would be in strong competition with the others. Also, those who only work, like those who work and study, spend the highest proportion of their time working. However, in this case, the allocation is over twice as intense. The time spent on educational activities (e.g., read, write or study) is zero. On the other hand, when reconstructing the 24-hour routines, the results reinforced what was found – There is an increased pressure on the time of children and adolescents that only work who, in addition to having a more active day, are the ones who get less rest on average. Finally, based on the results, it was concluded that: (i) Education and participation in economic activities are complementary activities in terms of allocation of time, (ii) competition in the allocation of time puts pressure on the quality of educational outcomes, (iii) there are still differences by gender and (iv) the use of mixed research techniques facilitates obtaining more complex explanations. Also, based on the findings, it is recommended to: (i) Emphasize the implementation of conditional cash transfers’ programs (ii) generate and consolidate existing information systems, (iii) promote joint interventions in alliance with other actors and (iv) facilitate spaces for the dissemination of research results.
This research study analyzed the patterns of time allocation, in particular, the consequences of child labor on the accumulation of schooling among children and adolescents. Conceptually, the study departed from an interdisciplinary approach. From economy, we used Becker’s theoretical approach that focuses on intra-household strategies for resource allocation and incorporated the contributions of cultural anthropology, family psychology and sociology. Methodologically, the investigation had two stages. The first one, based on national household survey data, analyzed the evolution and trends of child labor and schooling during recent years. The second stage consisted of the analysis of primary information, quantitative and qualitative, and included household surveys, matrixes of time allocation, focus groups, photographic reconstructions and ethnographic work. Fieldwork was conducted in three sites in Metropolitan Lima which are characterized by high rates of “hazardous child labor”: (i) Recycling of solid waste (Lomas de Carabayllo, Northern Lima), (ii) brick manufacture (Huachipa, Eastern Lima) and (iii) ambulatory trade (Market No. 1 “La Parada”). The results of secondary data evidenced that there is still a need for a standardized methodology for gathering information on child and adolescent labor. Data also showed that about one quarter of children aged 6 to 16 had direct involvement in some family income generating activity. The evidence also suggested that in this same age group, the vast majority attended school (i.e., even those who are part of the workforce). This might indicate that there is not a clear conflict between school attendance and work. Moreover, fieldwork results suggested that the participation rate of children and adolescents is higher than 65% in all activities. Recreational activities and schooling are those that reported greater involvement (84.5% and 83.1% respectively), followed by labor and domestic ones (69.6% and 66.9% respectively). In that sense, the allocation of time among school activities would be in strong competition with the others. Also, those who only work, like those who work and study, spend the highest proportion of their time working. However, in this case, the allocation is over twice as intense. The time spent on educational activities (e.g., read, write or study) is zero. On the other hand, when reconstructing the 24-hour routines, the results reinforced what was found – There is an increased pressure on the time of children and adolescents that only work who, in addition to having a more active day, are the ones who get less rest on average. Finally, based on the results, it was concluded that: (i) Education and participation in economic activities are complementary activities in terms of allocation of time, (ii) competition in the allocation of time puts pressure on the quality of educational outcomes, (iii) there are still differences by gender and (iv) the use of mixed research techniques facilitates obtaining more complex explanations. Also, based on the findings, it is recommended to: (i) Emphasize the implementation of conditional cash transfers’ programs (ii) generate and consolidate existing information systems, (iii) promote joint interventions in alliance with other actors and (iv) facilitate spaces for the dissemination of research results.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Escolares--Perú--Lima Metropolitana, Niños--Trabajo--Perú--Lima Metropolitana
Citación
Colecciones
item.page.endorsement
item.page.review
item.page.supplemented
item.page.referenced
Licencia Creative Commons
Excepto se indique lo contrario, la licencia de este artículo se describe como info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess