Efectos de la extracción de turba en un sistema socio-ecológico altoandino : bofedales de Carampoma - Lima
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Date
2018-01-25
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
En los Andes centrales de Perú se encuentran los bofedales: turberas con una
diversidad única de biota endémica, que funcionan como reguladoras del
recurso hídrico y como almacenes de carbono. Para las comunidades
campesinas, estos humedales son áreas de pastoreo para su ganado, el cual
es la base – o parte – de su economía local, como es el caso de la Comunidad
Campesina de Santiago de Carampoma en Huarochirí, Lima. Sin embargo,
desde hace más de diez años, los bofedales de su territorio comunal vienen
siendo transformados por la extracción de turba. Esta actividad es conocida
localmente como champeo y viene siendo realizada por personas externas a la
comunidad, con el fin de comercializar el recurso.
La presente investigación se planteó identificar los efectos socio-ecológicos
que tiene el champeo en los bofedales. Para ello se trabajó sobre los aspectos
hidrológicos del ecosistema y sobre el desarrollo de la comunidad campesina,
que depende de ellos. Mediante imágenes satelitales y sistemas de información
geográfica, se calculó una disminución espacial de 16.11% del área actual de
la cobertura del humedal, atribuible a la actividad extractiva.
Para evaluar el régimen hidrológico, se seleccionaron dos zonas de
comparación en uno de los bofedales afectados: una champeada y no
champeada. En ambas zonas, se recogió data in situ sobre la capa freática. Se
encontraron diferencias significativas entre los parámetros medidos.
Comparativamente, la zona perturbada mostró un mayor descenso en la
profundidad de la capa freática en época seca, registro de aguas más ácidas y
niveles más altos de conductividad eléctrica, que en la zona no perturbada.
En cuanto a los efectos sociales, se analizó cómo la degradación de los
bofedales afecta a la economía y quehaceres del campesinado, mediante
casos de estudio y un taller de mapeo participativo. La disminución de la
cobertura de bofedal afecta al sistema de producción pecuaria de los
campesinos, especialmente al ganado ovino y camélido, con la pérdida de
forrajes siempre verdes. Sus ingresos económicos, sin embargo, están
basados principalmente en el ganado vacuno.
The existence of wetlands in arid environments seems contradictory; nevertheless, in the central Andes of Peru there are bofedales: peatlands with a unique diversity of endemic biota, which function as regulators of water resources and as carbon stores. For Andean communities, these wetlands are grazing areas for their livestock, which is the basis - or part - of their local economy, as is the case of the Peasant Community of Santiago de Carampoma in Huarochirí, Lima. However, for more than ten years, the bofedales of their communal territory have been preyed upon by peat extraction (known locally as champeo), by foreigners, in order to commercialize the resource. Thus, this research aims to identify the effects that peat extraction has on the bofedales and on the development of the peasant community. Using satellite imagery and geographic information systems, a spatial decrease of 16.11% of the current area of wetland coverage, attributable to the extractive activity, was calculated. To evaluate the hydrological regime, two comparison zones (impacted and nonimpacted) were determined in one of the affected bofedales and in situ data was collected on the water table. Significant differences were found between the measured parameters of the zones, such as a greater decrease in the depth of the water table in the dry season, record of more acidic waters and higher levels of electrical conductivity in the impacted-by-peat-extraction zone. Regarding the social effects, it was analyzed how the degradation and usurpation of the bofedales affects the economy and chores of the peasantry, through case studies and a participatory mapping workshop. The decrease in the availability of fodder for livestock, which is a source of economic income for the community members, plus the importance of the water regulator service that they attribute to peatlands, reflected the socio-ecological relationship of these ecosystems and the population.
The existence of wetlands in arid environments seems contradictory; nevertheless, in the central Andes of Peru there are bofedales: peatlands with a unique diversity of endemic biota, which function as regulators of water resources and as carbon stores. For Andean communities, these wetlands are grazing areas for their livestock, which is the basis - or part - of their local economy, as is the case of the Peasant Community of Santiago de Carampoma in Huarochirí, Lima. However, for more than ten years, the bofedales of their communal territory have been preyed upon by peat extraction (known locally as champeo), by foreigners, in order to commercialize the resource. Thus, this research aims to identify the effects that peat extraction has on the bofedales and on the development of the peasant community. Using satellite imagery and geographic information systems, a spatial decrease of 16.11% of the current area of wetland coverage, attributable to the extractive activity, was calculated. To evaluate the hydrological regime, two comparison zones (impacted and nonimpacted) were determined in one of the affected bofedales and in situ data was collected on the water table. Significant differences were found between the measured parameters of the zones, such as a greater decrease in the depth of the water table in the dry season, record of more acidic waters and higher levels of electrical conductivity in the impacted-by-peat-extraction zone. Regarding the social effects, it was analyzed how the degradation and usurpation of the bofedales affects the economy and chores of the peasantry, through case studies and a participatory mapping workshop. The decrease in the availability of fodder for livestock, which is a source of economic income for the community members, plus the importance of the water regulator service that they attribute to peatlands, reflected the socio-ecological relationship of these ecosystems and the population.
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Humedales--Perú--Santiago de Carampoma (Lima : Comunidad), Degradación ambiental--Aspectos sociales
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