Buenas prácticas en la gestión del capital de trabajo y su relación con el EVA en el periodo 2015 al 2019 caso de las empresas: Unión de Cervecerías Peruanas Backus y Johnston S.A.A., Cementos Pacasmayo S.A.A. y Compañía Minera Poderosa S.A.
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2021-11-17
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El presente estudio tiene como propósito identificar las buenas prácticas en la gestión
del capital de trabajo que han tenido relación en el desempeño de las empresas Unión de
Cervecerías Peruanas Backus y Johnston S.A., Cementos Pacasmayo S.A.A. y Compañía
Minera Poderosa S.A., entre el periodo 2015 a 2019. De esta manera brindar un aporte
académico a los estudios previos que existen sobre este tema en la comunidad académica del
país.
A propósito de lo señalado anteriormente, se presenta la situación actual del capital de
trabajo, analizando la gestión del efectivo, cuentas por cobrar, inventarios y cuentas por pagar,
de cada empresa utilizando el ciclo de conversión de efectivo para cada participante del estudio.
El indicador EVA ha sido calculado y presentado para cada empresa y se relaciona
con la gestión del capital de trabajo, al simular el comportamiento de los principales
indicadores de capital de trabajo en cada una de las empresas estudiadas, observamos la
siguiente relación con el EVA: relación negativa entre el EVA y el ciclo de conversión de
efectivo, las cuentas por cobrar e inventario, y relación positiva entre el EVA y las cuentas
por pagar.
Se identificaron buenas prácticas en la gestión del capital de trabajo con respecto a la
empresa Unión de Cervecerías Peruanas Backus y Johnston S.A. las cuales son: En la
gestión del efectivo son la proyección de fondos de ocho semanas para pagos de obligaciones
e inversión de efectivo disponible en el mercado de capitales. En la gestión de cuentas por
cobrar son la revisión mensual de la cartera de créditos considerando la exposición al riesgo,
recorte de créditos de acuerdo con el cumplimiento de metas, negociación con clientes por
pronto pago, uso de factoring con clientes seleccionados siempre que la tasa sea menor al
WACC, evaluación mensual del nivel de cuentas por cobrar comparándolo con el nivel de
pasivos generados para mantenerlos en línea con los objetivos, uso de indicadores
diferenciados según el canal de ventas tales como cuentas por cobrar entre el net revenue el
cual debe ser alrededor del 5%, el crédito vencido no debe ser mayor al 3% de la cartera de
créditos, el porcentaje de apalancamiento ventas al crédito entre ventas totales debe estar
alrededor de 35%. En la gestión del inventario son el control de inventarios de máximos y
mínimos insumos para cubrir la producción y demanda según el lead time para la venta, el
uso del indicador inventario entre el net revenue el cual debe ser alrededor del 6.5%. En la
gestión de cuentas por pagar tenemos la negociación directa con proveedores, el uso de
factoring con proveedores cuyo costo es asumido por los proveedores mediante tasas
competitivas, uso de tarjetas de crédito para pagos relevantes a través de los pagos en los días
establecidos para evitar intereses, uso del indicador cuentas por pagar entre el net revenue el
cual debe ser alrededor del 6.5%.
Con respecto a la empresa Cementos Pacasmayo S.A.A las buenas prácticas
identificadas son: En la gestión del efectivo el manejo del flujo de caja operativo y el flujo de
caja proyectado. En la gestión de cuentas por cobrar son las políticas de ventas respaldadas
con garantías, evaluación constante del comportamiento de pagos del cliente para el
otorgamiento de créditos. En la gestión de inventarios son el control de inventarios por planta
y por producto. En la gestión de cuentas por pagar son la negociación directa con los
proveedores para cumplir con los objetivos de la empresa.
Con respecto a la empresa Compañía Minera Poderosa S.A. las buenas prácticas
identificadas son: En la gestión de efectivo son el uso del flujo de caja para garantizar la
liquidez en el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones, no realizar inversiones que no estén
dirigidas a la operación de la empresa. En la gestión de las cuentas por cobrar son el uso de
acuerdos previos para asegurar la cobranza inmediata. En la gestión de inventarios son el uso
de un sistema in house para el manejo del inventario, control de inventarios por procesos y el
uso de la metodología ABC; el uso de ratios de inventarios como el reporte de devoluciones,
stock out, nivel de atención oportuna, nivel de materiales obsoletos. En la gestión de cuentas
por pagar son los descuentos por pronto pago, negociación de plazos de pago con los
proveedores asegurando que no se rompa la cadena de pagos.
The purpose of this study is to identify good practices in the management of working capital that have been related to the performance of the companies Unión de Cervecerías Peruanas Backus y Johnston S.A., Cementos Pacasmayo S.A.A. and Compañía Minera Poderosa S.A., between the period 2015 to 2019. In this way, provide an academic contribution to the previous studies that exist on this subject in the academic community of the country. Regarding the aforementioned, the current situation of working capital is presented, analyzing the management of cash, accounts receivable, inventories and accounts payable, of each company using the cash conversion cycle for each participant in the study. The EVA indicator has been calculated a presented for each company and is related to the management of working capital, by simulating the behavior of the main working capital indicators in each of the companies studied, we observe the following relationship with the EVA: negative relationship between EVA and cash conversion cycle, accounts receivable and inventory, and positive relationship between EVA and accounts payable. Good practices were identified in the management of working capital with respect to the company Unión de Cervecerías Peruanas Backus y Johnston S.A. which are: In cash Management are the projection of funds of eight weeks for payments of obligations and investment of cash available in the capital market. In the management of accounts receivable, they are the monthly review of the loan portfolio considering risk exposure, credit cut in accordance with the fulfillment of goals, negotiation with clients promp payment, use of factoring with selected clients as long as the rate is lower than the WACC, monthly evaluation of the level of accounts receivable comparing it with the level of liabilities generated to keep them in line with the objectives, use of differentiated indicators according to the sales channel such as accounts receivable between net revenue which should be around 5%, overdue credit should not be greater than 3% of the loan portfolio, the percentage of leverage sales on credit between total sales it should be around 35%. In inventory management, the inventory control of maximum and minimum inputs to cover production and demand according to the lead time for sale is the use of the inventory indicator between the net revenue, which should be around 6.5%. In the management of accounts payable we have direct negotiation with suppliers, the use of factoring with suppliers whose cost is assumed by the suppliers through competitive rates, use of credit cards for relevant payments through payments on the established days to avoid interest, use of the accounts payable indicator between the net revenue which should be around 6.5%. Regarding the company Cementos Pacasmayo S.A. A, the good practices identified are: In cash management, they are the management of the operating cash flow and the projected cash flow. In the management of accounts receivable, sales policies are backed by guarantees, constant evaluation of the customer's payment behavior for the granting of credits. In inventory management are inventory control by plant and by product. In the management of accounts payable they are direct negotiation with suppliers to meet the objectives of the company. With respect to the company Compañía Minera Poderosa S.A. the good practices identified are: In cash management, they are the use of cash flow to guarantee liquidity in the fulfillment of its obligations, not to make investments that are not directed to the operation of the company. In the management of accounts receivable are the use of prior agreements to ensure immediate collection. In inventory management they are the use of an in-house system for inventory management, inventory control by processes and the use of the ABC methodology; the use of inventory ratios such as the report of returns, stock out, level of timely attention, level of obsolete materials. In the management of accounts payable are discounts for prompt payment, negotiation of payment terms with suppliers ensuring that the chain of payments is not broken.
The purpose of this study is to identify good practices in the management of working capital that have been related to the performance of the companies Unión de Cervecerías Peruanas Backus y Johnston S.A., Cementos Pacasmayo S.A.A. and Compañía Minera Poderosa S.A., between the period 2015 to 2019. In this way, provide an academic contribution to the previous studies that exist on this subject in the academic community of the country. Regarding the aforementioned, the current situation of working capital is presented, analyzing the management of cash, accounts receivable, inventories and accounts payable, of each company using the cash conversion cycle for each participant in the study. The EVA indicator has been calculated a presented for each company and is related to the management of working capital, by simulating the behavior of the main working capital indicators in each of the companies studied, we observe the following relationship with the EVA: negative relationship between EVA and cash conversion cycle, accounts receivable and inventory, and positive relationship between EVA and accounts payable. Good practices were identified in the management of working capital with respect to the company Unión de Cervecerías Peruanas Backus y Johnston S.A. which are: In cash Management are the projection of funds of eight weeks for payments of obligations and investment of cash available in the capital market. In the management of accounts receivable, they are the monthly review of the loan portfolio considering risk exposure, credit cut in accordance with the fulfillment of goals, negotiation with clients promp payment, use of factoring with selected clients as long as the rate is lower than the WACC, monthly evaluation of the level of accounts receivable comparing it with the level of liabilities generated to keep them in line with the objectives, use of differentiated indicators according to the sales channel such as accounts receivable between net revenue which should be around 5%, overdue credit should not be greater than 3% of the loan portfolio, the percentage of leverage sales on credit between total sales it should be around 35%. In inventory management, the inventory control of maximum and minimum inputs to cover production and demand according to the lead time for sale is the use of the inventory indicator between the net revenue, which should be around 6.5%. In the management of accounts payable we have direct negotiation with suppliers, the use of factoring with suppliers whose cost is assumed by the suppliers through competitive rates, use of credit cards for relevant payments through payments on the established days to avoid interest, use of the accounts payable indicator between the net revenue which should be around 6.5%. Regarding the company Cementos Pacasmayo S.A. A, the good practices identified are: In cash management, they are the management of the operating cash flow and the projected cash flow. In the management of accounts receivable, sales policies are backed by guarantees, constant evaluation of the customer's payment behavior for the granting of credits. In inventory management are inventory control by plant and by product. In the management of accounts payable they are direct negotiation with suppliers to meet the objectives of the company. With respect to the company Compañía Minera Poderosa S.A. the good practices identified are: In cash management, they are the use of cash flow to guarantee liquidity in the fulfillment of its obligations, not to make investments that are not directed to the operation of the company. In the management of accounts receivable are the use of prior agreements to ensure immediate collection. In inventory management they are the use of an in-house system for inventory management, inventory control by processes and the use of the ABC methodology; the use of inventory ratios such as the report of returns, stock out, level of timely attention, level of obsolete materials. In the management of accounts payable are discounts for prompt payment, negotiation of payment terms with suppliers ensuring that the chain of payments is not broken.
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Capital de trabajo, Administración financiera
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