Planeamiento estratégico del sector bancario en Colombia
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2019-07-02
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Este trabajo de tesis tiene por objetivo dar una visión profunda sobre el sector bancario en
Colombia revisando desde los orígenes de las prácticas de intercambio, pasando por la entidad
pública que vigila: La Superintendencia Financiera, así como las entidades vigiladas por este
organismo. Una revisión de sus cifras evidencia que los establecimientos de crédito aquí
estudiados son los más robustos en cifras a corte de Marzo de 2014 en cuanto a activos,
inversiones, patrimonio y utilidades; en consecuencia el sistema bancario en Colombia posee una
solvencia suficiente para justificar el alto volumen de cartera que posee aun así presenta en
promedio un indicador de calidad de cartera rodeando el 3,2%, el cual está dado por el ratio
definido como el total de la cartera vencida entre el total de la cartera bruta; incluyendo los cuatro
rubros más importantes como son: cartera comercial, de consumo, hipotecaria y microcrédito. La
reorganización del sistema bancario ha permitido igualmente tener una sana competencia donde
se observa una depuración al año 2007, cuando se reduce el número de bancos de 28 en 2004 a
16 y se mantiene estable esta cantidad durante los 3 años de la consolidación de este sector y para
el 2012 casi que se fija el número de bancos locales quedando en 14 luego de las fusiones,
absorciones y adquisiciones y haciendo atractiva la inversión extranjera directa para nuevos
bancos extranjeros.
En cuanto a la visión general que tiene este sector, se encontró que es simple, clara,
convincente, realista y con proyección geográfica; sin embargo no tiene un horizonte de tiempo
ni genera un sentido de urgencia; por esta razón el ejercicio de este trabajo pretende enmarcarla
dentro de un plazo medible y cumplible que esté alineada con los objetivos de largo plazo que
pretende alcanzar este sector. En el análisis tridimensional de las naciones y la profundización de cada uno de los factores externos que conforman el análisis Político, Económico, Social,
Tecnológico y Ambiental, comúnmente llamado Análisis PESTE, dejan en evidencia una mejora
en los indicadores generales del sector bancario a nivel mundial. Existen también variables
externas como la firma del Tratado de Libre Comercio y el cambio de presidencia, donde se
buscará igualmente firmar la Paz y fortalecer estructuras como la educativa y la salud; serán
variables que definitivamente impactaran el desarrollo del sector bancario en Colombia y que
tendrán incidencia en la definición de estrategias para éste sector objeto de estudio.
Por su parte se debe hacer un seguimiento cercano a cada uno de los factores críticos de
éxito del perfil interno de cada uno de los establecimientos bancarios que hacen parte de este
sector con el fin de identificar aquellos rubros a desarrollar y donde se puedan implementar las
mejores prácticas de países de los cuales tengamos el ejemplo de una banca exitosa, tal como lo
es Suiza, Estados Unidos y Hong Kong; entre otros.
Asimismo revisar los factores internos que impactan al sector son muy importantes al
permitir darle claridad a las fortalezas y debilidades; lo que en definitiva generará conclusiones
que estarán directamente vinculadas con las estrategias del sector permitiendo el
aprovechamiento de fortalezas como sus buenos indicadores financieros, la constante
actualización y capacitación de sus empleados y su buen clima organizacional, entre otros; a la
vez que buscará neutralizar o por lo menos darle manejo a sus debilidades como lo son la
percepción general del banquero como una persona fría, distante e interesada únicamente por el
resultado rentable para la entidad que representa; pasando por encima del objetivo o necesidad
del cliente, así como la falta de flexibilidad e innovación en los productos; entre otros; apuntando
así al establecimiento de los objetivos de largo plazo. En el desarrollo de este trabajo de tesis, se aplicaron los filtros que existen para analizar
los factores tanto externos como internos: fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas;
FODA y de esta forma determinar las estrategias definitivas aplicables al sector que se observa
definitivamente en cuadrantes que indican crecimiento y expansión mayormente inorgánica.
Finalmente se determinaran estrategias enfocadas al desarrollo tecnológico el cual se
identifica como pilar decisivo en la continuación del buen desarrollo de este sector, el cual deberá
buscar economías de escala para hacer productos con tarifas mucho más competitivas que le
permitan controlar sus competidores no bancarizados y al lograr virtualizar la operación se
contribuirá con esta eficiencia; resultados que aportaran al robustecimiento de este sector que
permitirá estar dispuesto al acompañamiento de grandes inversiones y desarrollo como el que se
avecina para Colombia durante los próximos 15 años con la implementación de los proyectos de
infraestructura que asimismo darán empuje al país y que permitirán al mismo tiempo una banca
globalizada.
This thesis aims to give an insight into the banking sector in Colombia in a timeline from reviewing the origins in which there was no currency, to the public entity that supervise it: The Financial Supervisory Authority and the entities controlled by this organization. A review of the numbers shows that credit institutions studied here are the strongest numbers until March 2014 in terms of assets, investments and profits; consequently the banking system in Colombia has sufficient solvency to justify the high volume portfolio and still has an average portfolio quality indicator surrounding 3.2%, which is given by the ratio defined as total loans delayed in payments between the total gross loans; including the four most important items such as: commercial loans, consumer, mortgage and microcredit. The reorganization of the banking system has also allowed to have a healthy competition where debugging is observed in 2007 when the number of banks is reduced from 28 to 16 and in 2004 this number has remained stable for 3 years during the consolidation of the sector and by 2012 the number of local banks was being almost fixed in 14 after mergers, takeovers and acquisitions making foreign investment attractive for new banks from abroad. The vision of this sector, was found to be simple, clear, convincing, realistic and with a geographic projection; however does not have a timeline or generate a sense of urgency; for this reason the exercise of this thesis aims to make it measurable and readily comply term is aligned with the long term goals that seeks to achieve this sector. In the three-dimensional analysis of nations and deepening each of the external factors that shape the Political, Economic, Social, Technological and Environmental Analysis, commonly called PESTE, showed an improvement in the general indicators of the global banking sector. There are also external variables such as the signing of the Free Trade Agreement and the change of presidency, where also looking for a peace agreement, and the support of structures such as education and health; will be variables that definitely impact the development of the banking sector in Colombia and also on the definition of strategies for this sector under study. Meanwhile it should be closely monitored each of the critical success factors of the internal profile of each of the banking establishments that are part of this sector in order to identify those items that can be develop and at the same time, implement best practices from the countries from where we have the example of a successful banking, such as Switzerland, The United States and Hong Kong; among others. Also a review of the internal factors impacting the industry are very important to give clarity to the strengths and weaknesses; which ultimately generate the conclusions that are directly linked to the strategies, allowing the sector to use their strengths, good financial indicators, constant updating and training of its employees and good organizational climate, among others; at the same time seek to neutralize or at least give their management to the weaknesses such as the general perception of the banker as a cold person, distant and interested only in profitable results for the entity to whom he represent; forgetting the real need of the customer; the lack of flexibility and product innovation; among others; thus pointing to the establishment of long term goals. Developing this thesis, there are filters to analyze the external and internal factors were applied: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats; SWOT and thus determine the final sector applicable strategies that always showed the quadrants that indicate mostly inorganic growth and expansion. Finally the sector might develop strategies focused on technological development which will become a key pillar in the continued successful development of it. It must also seek economies of scale to make more competitive rates of the products that allow the fighting against competitors unbanked; and finally determine to virtualize the operation; it will help with the efficiency that is needed to support major investment and development as looming for Colombia over the next 15 years with the implementation of infrastructure projects that will push the country further and allow the same time a global banking.
This thesis aims to give an insight into the banking sector in Colombia in a timeline from reviewing the origins in which there was no currency, to the public entity that supervise it: The Financial Supervisory Authority and the entities controlled by this organization. A review of the numbers shows that credit institutions studied here are the strongest numbers until March 2014 in terms of assets, investments and profits; consequently the banking system in Colombia has sufficient solvency to justify the high volume portfolio and still has an average portfolio quality indicator surrounding 3.2%, which is given by the ratio defined as total loans delayed in payments between the total gross loans; including the four most important items such as: commercial loans, consumer, mortgage and microcredit. The reorganization of the banking system has also allowed to have a healthy competition where debugging is observed in 2007 when the number of banks is reduced from 28 to 16 and in 2004 this number has remained stable for 3 years during the consolidation of the sector and by 2012 the number of local banks was being almost fixed in 14 after mergers, takeovers and acquisitions making foreign investment attractive for new banks from abroad. The vision of this sector, was found to be simple, clear, convincing, realistic and with a geographic projection; however does not have a timeline or generate a sense of urgency; for this reason the exercise of this thesis aims to make it measurable and readily comply term is aligned with the long term goals that seeks to achieve this sector. In the three-dimensional analysis of nations and deepening each of the external factors that shape the Political, Economic, Social, Technological and Environmental Analysis, commonly called PESTE, showed an improvement in the general indicators of the global banking sector. There are also external variables such as the signing of the Free Trade Agreement and the change of presidency, where also looking for a peace agreement, and the support of structures such as education and health; will be variables that definitely impact the development of the banking sector in Colombia and also on the definition of strategies for this sector under study. Meanwhile it should be closely monitored each of the critical success factors of the internal profile of each of the banking establishments that are part of this sector in order to identify those items that can be develop and at the same time, implement best practices from the countries from where we have the example of a successful banking, such as Switzerland, The United States and Hong Kong; among others. Also a review of the internal factors impacting the industry are very important to give clarity to the strengths and weaknesses; which ultimately generate the conclusions that are directly linked to the strategies, allowing the sector to use their strengths, good financial indicators, constant updating and training of its employees and good organizational climate, among others; at the same time seek to neutralize or at least give their management to the weaknesses such as the general perception of the banker as a cold person, distant and interested only in profitable results for the entity to whom he represent; forgetting the real need of the customer; the lack of flexibility and product innovation; among others; thus pointing to the establishment of long term goals. Developing this thesis, there are filters to analyze the external and internal factors were applied: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats; SWOT and thus determine the final sector applicable strategies that always showed the quadrants that indicate mostly inorganic growth and expansion. Finally the sector might develop strategies focused on technological development which will become a key pillar in the continued successful development of it. It must also seek economies of scale to make more competitive rates of the products that allow the fighting against competitors unbanked; and finally determine to virtualize the operation; it will help with the efficiency that is needed to support major investment and development as looming for Colombia over the next 15 years with the implementation of infrastructure projects that will push the country further and allow the same time a global banking.
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Palabras clave
Bancos--Colombia, Instituciones financieras--Colombia, Planificación estratégica
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