Estudio de caso de un estudiante de 1er grado de primaria con dificultad en los procesos léxicos de la lectura y de la escritura
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2022-05-12
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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En los primeros años de la escolaridad, específicamente en el nivel inicial. los niños adquieren habilidades
básicas que los preparan para la adquisición de la lectoescritura. Estudios de investigación identifican como
predictores de la lectura a la conciencia fonológica, el conocimiento alfabético, velocidad de denominación y la
memoria fonológica, que impactan directamente en el aprendizaje lector.
El caso presentado corresponde a un niño de 1° de primaria, que inició su aprestamiento en lectoescritura por
modalidad virtual, y presentaba dificultades en los predictores de lectura y en el proceso léxico de la lectura y
escritura. El objetivo del trabajo fue presentar los resultados después de diseñar y aplicar un plan de
intervención para las dificultades descritas. Dicho proceso de intervención obedeció a un entrenamiento
sistemático y progresivo, de fonemas y grafías seleccionadas a partir de un análisis de errores. Luego del
proceso de intervención centrado en la consolidación del proceso léxico de la lectura y escritura las evidencias
demuestran una mejora significativa en la asimilación del lenguaje escrito. A nivel de lectura las actividades de
análisis y síntesis a nivel de palabras, sílaba y fonemas, mejora la exactitud y la decodificación sistemática de
sílabas y palabras frecuentes mejora la velocidad lectora. En cuanto a escritura, el entrenamiento de la
segmentación léxica y el análisis y síntesis de fonemas, asociado a la grafía, permite la correcta escritura de
palabras, pseudopalabras y oraciones con precisión. Se concluye que el niño logró asimilar los procesos
básicos de la lectoescritura.
In the first years of schooling, specifically at the initial level. children acquire basic skills that prepare them for the acquisition of literacy. Research studies identify phonological awareness, alphabetic knowledge, naming speed and phonological memory as predictors of reading, which directly impact reading learning. The case presented corresponds to a child of 1st grade of primary school, who began his literacy training by virtual modality, and presented difficulties in reading predictors and in the lexical process of reading and writing. The objective of the work was to present the results after designing and applying an intervention plan for the difficulties described. Said intervention process obeyed a systematic and progressive training of phonemes and spellings selected from an error analysis. After the intervention process focused on the consolidation of the lexical process of reading and writing, the evidence shows a significant improvement in the assimilation of written language. At the reading level, the analysis and synthesis activities at the level of words, syllable and phonemes, improves accuracy and the systematic decoding of syllables and frequent words improves reading speed. Regarding writing, the training of lexical segmentation and the analysis and synthesis of phonemes, associated with the spelling, allows the correct writing of words, pseudowords and sentences with precision. It is concluded that the child managed to assimilate the basic processes of literacy.
In the first years of schooling, specifically at the initial level. children acquire basic skills that prepare them for the acquisition of literacy. Research studies identify phonological awareness, alphabetic knowledge, naming speed and phonological memory as predictors of reading, which directly impact reading learning. The case presented corresponds to a child of 1st grade of primary school, who began his literacy training by virtual modality, and presented difficulties in reading predictors and in the lexical process of reading and writing. The objective of the work was to present the results after designing and applying an intervention plan for the difficulties described. Said intervention process obeyed a systematic and progressive training of phonemes and spellings selected from an error analysis. After the intervention process focused on the consolidation of the lexical process of reading and writing, the evidence shows a significant improvement in the assimilation of written language. At the reading level, the analysis and synthesis activities at the level of words, syllable and phonemes, improves accuracy and the systematic decoding of syllables and frequent words improves reading speed. Regarding writing, the training of lexical segmentation and the analysis and synthesis of phonemes, associated with the spelling, allows the correct writing of words, pseudowords and sentences with precision. It is concluded that the child managed to assimilate the basic processes of literacy.
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Trastornos del aprendizaje en niños (Educación), Lectura--Dificultades, Escritura--Estudio y enseñanza (Primaria)