Revista Ensayo

URI permanente para esta comunidadhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14657/202670

ISSN: 2413-9726
e-ISSN: 2710-2947

ENSAYO Revista de arquitectura, urbanismo y territorio es una publicación anual que busca promover y enriquecer la cultura disciplinar al desarrollar temas de interés en el ámbito local, regional y latinoamericano. Ofrece documentos sobre arquitectura, urbanismo y territorio a modo de debates actuales, reflexiones relativas al pensamiento teórico y proyectual, investigaciones históricas, así como exploraciones de carácter tecnológico

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Activarse desde la periferia. Estrategias y tácticas de desplazamiento en bicicleta y a pie en El Rincón de Suba (Bogotá)
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-03-12) Ducasse, Arthur; Lucas, Maëlle
This paper intends to describe tactics and strategies that dwellers of El Rincon in Bogota adopt during their daily journeys walking or cycling. El Rincon is a neighborhood, and a zoning unit for planning (UPZ, unidad de planeamiento zonal) located in the north-western end of the city, in Suba locality. Its high population density and its uneasy-to-access topography turned out to be two main aspects of this study. The research is based on a long-term ethnographic field work (from February 2021 to July 2022). Observations of cycling and walking mobilities, semi-structured interviews and ride-along interviews were implemented to describe the strategies the inhabitants elaborate to leave El Rincón, and the tactics they use to move about in this congested environment. Walking and cycling appear to help mitigate congestion’s impacts and allow better control on daily journey’s length and conditions.
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La apropiación como condición del derecho a la ciudad. El caso de la política de mejoramiento barrial de Villa Jardín, Municipio de Lanús, Buenos Aires
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2023-12-30) Jaime, Eugenia; Salvarredy, Julián
During the last twenty years, public policies for neighborhood improvement have been developed in the region with the purpose of urbanizing precarious settlements. However, these interventions have affected a relevant mass of inhabitants to fully develop their right to the city. On the other hand, the obstacles that faced the settlers to transit these processes in an appropriate manner are significant, according to Lefebvre's terms, as a condition for a just and democratic production.This article reflects, based on the work of the civil association Proyecto Habitar, in alliance with the Defensoría General de la Nación Argentina during 2018, on the role played by appropriation in urbanization processes that include population relocation, specifically the implementation of a public policy of neighborhood improvement in Villa Jardín - Lanús in Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires. For the analysis, three dimensions were established: technical-constructive aspects, the socio-organizational aspect and, finally, the political and institutional aspects. This multidimensional approach seeks to identify the role of ownership in achieving and realizing the right to the city.
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La arquitectura como medio de empoderamiento cívico
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2023-12-30) Maccaglia, Marta
In Peru there are 48 native languages, 11 ecological regions, 84 of the 117 different «life zones» in the world. Can architects operate from an active and participatory action with respect that strengthens the social habitat to combat inequality? If architecture is an art that generates spaces for better living, architects have the responsibility to understand and respect the territory and the people, to propose spaces that represent the culture and spirit of each place.However, in cities we live between physical walls that highlight inequalities and make visible the fear we have of others. In the peripheral areas and, even more, in the rural areas of the country, we contribute a system than abandon the most vulnerable communities. Faced with this scenario, we believe that the first wall we have to tear down is a wall in our minds, and this is only possible through equal access to education. For this reason, we are interested in educational architecture projects: the school, the first place after the home, where children can develop by learning in society.
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Breve genealogía de la desigualdad urbana
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2023-12-30) Rodríguez Rivero, Luis; Desmaison Estrada, Belén; Gallardo Jara, Luciana
No presenta resumen.
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Editorial
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015-12-18) Belaunde, Pedro
No presenta resumen.
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Fim de semana y Loteamiento clandestino: aproximaciones al universo popular de la vivienda en São Paulo (1970-1990)
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2021-02-15) Aravecchia-Botas, Nilce; Veiga De Castro, Ana Claudia
This article is based on the analysis of two films by architect and urbanist Ermínia Maricato Fim de semana (1975) and Loteamento clandestino (1979) to reflect on some relations established in São Paulo, the largest South American metropolis, with the work by John Turner, Freedom to Build (published in 1977). It seeks to show the coincidences and departures between those who dedicated themselves to think social housing in Latin America, defending popular participation in its elaboration. Maricato, following the trail opened by other researchers at the University of São Paulo, elaborates an ethnographic approach to the outskirts of São Paulo, recording the construction of the house of the poor. This look reveals the impossibility of those subjects to access the formal housing market. In the late 1980s, the first municipal administration of the redemocratization period had Maricato as its housing secretary, and during her management, self-construction became state policy. It was a paradox: To support self-construction was to throw water into the windmill of precariousness or to defend libertarian ideas in the face of the oppression of the authoritarian state? Here we intend to discuss these issues, relating the Brazilian intellectual production with a more general movement, seeking to contribute to the debate.
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Goodbye Lima. Un llamado al desarrollo de modelos urbano-rurales, para habitar el territorio peruano
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2023-12-30) Nogales, Lucía
The displacements produced mainly from the capital to other areas of Peru during the period of quarantine to face the COVID-19 have once again highlighted the lack of capacity of the capital to guarantee a good quality of life for its inhabitants. This article takes these displacements as a symbol of Lima's overflow, and proposes to understand and address the rest of the urban centers of the territory. After reviewing the heterogeneity of these centers, the article questions their true urban character, joining the criticism of hegemonic Euro-American urban theories, which consolidate the traditional urban-rural binomial. The article calls for the development of systems that blur or even dissolve the boundaries between urban and rural, integrating resilient urban-rural systems with a better relationship with their environment and sources of supply in order to face the great challenge of the 21st century, the environmental crisis and its derivatives.
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Hacia un urbanismo holístico: legado y topicalidad del pensamiento de John F. C. Turner en los asentamientos autoconstruidos del Cono Norte, Lima. El Ermitaño y Pampa de Cueva como casos de estudio para la activación de memoria urbana
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2021-02-15) Golda-Pongratz, Kathrin
The increasing urban fragmentation and the lack of a holistic and inclusive vision of large Latin American agglomerations are, at the same time, their main contemporary challenges. The potential and value of community building and the need to include urban self-building that architect John F. C. Turner in his years in Peru described as «housing resources» and «architecture that works» remain unrecognized in the Peruvian urban and territorial planning.Starting from the documentary A Roof of My Own (Turner Movshon, 1964), filmed by the United Nations on the process of self-construction of El Ermitaño, in the Northern Cone of Lima, in 2016 a memory activation project has begun in the neighborhood. It is the basis of a new documentary entitled City Unfinished. Voices of El Ermitaño (Golda-Pongratz Flores, 2018), portraying this same place from a contemporary perspective that the author understands as a tool of placemaking. On the one hand, it is a question of understanding the current socio-urban dynamics by resorting to the urban memory of the inhabitants. On the other hand, it tests to what extent a less well-known part of Turner's work, his thinking toward a holistic concept of building places and his work on a universal tool to explain placemaking processes, will be applicable in emblematic places such as Pampa de Cueva or El Ermitaño on the self-built periphery of Lima.This documentary and research work encompasses the entire territory of Lima as an interrelated system and seeks to design strategies with which all inhabitants, especially in key, ecologically important and physical areas actively participate as actors and actors responsible for the protection of the cultural heritage and the ecological balance of their habitat.
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Más allá de los modos. La experiencia de la «movilidad sostenible» en las periferias populares de Lima
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-03-12) Robert, Jérémy; Pereyra, Omar
This article discusses on the sustainability of daily mobility from the analysis of inhabitant’s practices of two popular peripheral areas of the city of Lima. It provides an analysis of experiences with the use of «sustainable» modes (walking, cycling and public transport) and «unsustainable» modes. A number of obstacles related to distance, slope or insecurity are highlighted, as well as their influence on mobility strategies and the choice of modes. The characteristics of the environment and the mobility needs in the popular peripheries do not facilitate the use of so-called «sustainable» modes, compared to «unsustainable» modes such as mototaxis, taxis or colectivos, even combis, which greatly ease the mobility of people despite constraints in terms of security and cost.
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Oportunidades y contradicciones de la movilidad sostenible
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-03-12) Vega Centeno, Pablo; Robert, Jérémy; Goueset, Vincent
No presenta resumen.
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Paratránsito y accesibilidad: más allá de la movilidad urbana en el área metropolitana de Cochabamba
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-03-12) Méndez, Lucas A.; Cabrera, Juan E.; Gantier, Leandro; Gamarra, Stefanie
Urban transport services in Bolivia are characterized by their informality, self-management, atomization, reduced quality, as well as a high capacity for route multiplication, the main link with urban sprawl. However, an analysis of the level of accessibility that this mode of service allows in Cochabamba shows that it is a highly efficient service under this indicator. The level of accessibility that paratransit allows contributes to the reduction of inequalities and articulation of the peripheries to the opportunities offered by the city.
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Una perspectiva de diseño y desarrollo urbano: intervenciones, luchas y democratización de las ciudades
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2023-12-30) DAS, PK
No presenta resumen.
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Una profesión en desarrollo: John F. C. Turner en Arequipa
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2021-02-15) Gyger, Helen
This article explores the intersection of aided self-help housing and modernist architectural culture through the early career of the English architect John F. C. Turner, who emerged as a prominent theorist of aided self-help housing beginning in the 1960s. The focus is on Turner’s development of an architectural practice following his arrival in Peru in 1957, at the invitation of architect and planner Eduardo Neira. Turner spent the next couple of years in Arequipa, working for a government agency charged with regularizing the city’s urbanizaciones populares. This culminated in a trial aided self-help housing project initiated after an earthquake in 1958 caused widespread damage to Arequipa’s housing stock. The article explores how these seminal on-the-ground experiences informed Turner’s later theoretical writings.
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Reflexiones sobre densidad urbana y centralidades en la metrópoli de Lima, siglo XXI
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015-12-18) Fernández de Córdova, Graciela; Vilela, Marta
This research proposes to study centralities based on how they relate to urban density. It starts with Lima’s urban process, where there are four important plans. The ﬁrst plan guided expansion beyond the walls of the city. The second one constituted a single traditional metropolitan centrality. The third one lowered urban density by extending urban limits. Finally, the fourth one proposes a conceptual scheme to integrate large expansion areas through comprehensive service centers, thus marking an urban structure with a single large centrality and different agglomerations of houses that are dispersed as they expand in the periphery. In the last decade, there has been a consolidation of a continuous territory that is still functionally dispersed in terms of its equipment and morphology. Within the framework of urban compactness, we propose a methodological approach to create integration centralities. The analysis considers urban scales oriented towards the study of urban restructuring, the center’s functional and spatial articulation – in relation to other surrounding centers and areas – and the habitability of public space as support for everyday activities in these centers. This study contributes to the identiﬁcation of features needed to create integration centralities.
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Revisitando el legado de John F. C. Turner
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2020-12-12) Golda-Pongratz, Kathrin; Vega Centeno, Pablo
No presenta resumen.
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Territorios relacionales. Propuesta conceptual para situar la movilidad sustentable en ciudades latinoamericanas
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-03-12) Jirón, Paola; Imilan, Walter A.; De La Barra, Victoria
The sustainable mobility approach emerged as a way of facing climate crisis, aiming to reduce CO2 emissions. However, despite its innovative character, the strong support from international organisations and consultants, as well as national and local governments, sustainable mobility does not fully capture the complexity of urban daily living, as the understanding of mobility is generally reduced to the diverse modes of transport and prioritising those with zero emissions. From a relational approach to territories, the daily mobility approach complements that of sustainable mobility and broadens its comprehension by introducing notions like mobility trajectories, interdependence, barriers and enablers. This approach provides more complex ways of understanding contemporary dwelling practices and territorial experiences. Based on mobile ethnographic research carried out in Santiago de Chile, in pandemic and post-pandemic times, this paper presents ways in which daily mobility can complement interventions linked to sustainable mobility. This approach can unveil the political conflicts that are intrinsically part of highly uneven cities, like those in Latin America, and particularly in Chile.
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Thomas Reed. Un arquitecto del siglo XIX
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015-12-18) Saldarriaga, Alberto
Thomas Reed, who was born in 1817 in the Tortola Island, in the Caribbean, and passed away in Daule, Ecuador in 1878, worked as an architect and engineer in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador between 1843 and 1878. Most of his works were requested by the governments of these three countries, and some of them are renowned for their exceptional quality at the time. That is why his name always appears in textbooks regarding the history of architecture in the 20th century in these three countries, and in each of them he is appreciated in a diﬀerent way. Thomas Reed was an architect of his time with a solid academic background. He was also a talented engineer, well versed in structural principles and management of materials. Among his works, the most exceptional ones include the San Pablo Theater in Caracas, which was never built; the National Capitol and the former Panopticon, which is now the National Museum of Colombia in Bogotá; the Panopticon and School of Fine Arts in Quito, and the Jambelí Bridge in Ecuador. His work, inspired on the historicism of the 19th century, does not reﬂect nostalgia, but rather the way of thinking during his time. The historical time of his work is the present.
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El transporte del pueblo: los mototaxis y la movilidad cotidiana en Lima
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-03-12) Boose, William
There are hundreds of thousands of mototaxistas in Lima, and they are vital to everyday mobility in much of the city. Meanwhile, many authorities designate them as threats to «progress» and the «formal order». This article proceeds from that tension, seeking to further understanding of the mototaxi economy, everyday mobility, and transport planning in Lima. The article begins by highlighting the ways that mototaxistas help connect the urban fabric and create space. It then critically analyzes authorities’ efforts to strictly govern mototaxistas, as situated within authorities’ broader war against «informality». As a corrective to authorities’ normative perspectives for how people should move through the city, this article argues that instead of characterizing mototaxis and other forms of transit as «informal», we should understand them as forms of popular transit.
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Transporte urbano y emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en América Latina. Una modelización de las emisiones de la movilidad urbana aplicada a Bogotá y Lima
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-03-12) Thomas, Hugo
In Latin America, urban transport is a major greenhouse gas emitter, responsible for climate change. Public policies are trying to take into account climate change mitigation within urban planning by means of action plans. However, they lack the tools to calculate the emissions and estimate the effect of the measures they set up. Urban mobility surveys are a relevant source of data to know people’s travel patterns. This article develops an emission modelling methodology based on mobility surveys and characteristics of fuels and vehicles, in order to, but not restricted to, produce data to support public policies. In addition, we use the spatial analysis tools to create maps and cartograms that depict the ecological inequalities in an original way.