Estabilidad democrática y gobiernos divididos en contextos presidencialistas y multipartidistas. El caso peruano (2001-2021)
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Date
2023-05-16
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
La presente investigación estudia los factores que producen estabilidad democrática en
contextos presidencialistas y multipartidistas. Analiza el rol del presidencialismo, del
multipartidismo, del sistema electoral y del sistema de partidos en la estabilidad
democrática. Estudia los gobiernos divididos como el caso más frecuente de crisis
democráticas. Analiza el caso peruano en el período que va desde el 2001 hasta el 2021
como una muestra paradigmática de la convivencia del presidencialismo, la
fragmentación partidaria (atenuada por la barrera electoral instaurada en el año 2006), el
transfuguismo, el sistema electoral proporcional, el balotaje y el voto preferencial.
Ingredientes que, en teoría, debieron producir graves crisis, debido a que se configuraron
gobiernos divididos: minoritarios (2001-2016) y mayoritario (2016-2019) que según la
doctrina son principales causantes de rupturas democráticas en América Latina.
Asimismo, describe los factores que agravan o atenúan las crisis políticas con el objetivo
de promover reformas para la estabilidad democrática y la mejora de la gobernabilidad.
Demuestra que más allá de los supuestos fallos de diseño institucional presidencial en
contextos multipartidistas, existe una particular forma de acuerdos institucionales e
informales que ha funcionado en los últimos 20 años y que han permitido encontrar una
mayor estabilidad democrática, aunque paradójicamente se basan en la debilidad del
sistema de partidos, el transfuguismo y la poca disciplina parlamentaria.
This research studies the factors that produce democratic stability in presidential and multiparty contexts. It analyzes the role of presidentialism, multipartyism, the electoral system and the party system in democratic stability. It studies divided governments asthe most frequent case of democratic crises and seeks to describe the factors that aggravate or attenuate executive-legislative relations. It analyzes the Peruvian case in the period from 2001 to 2021 as a paradigmatic example of the coexistence of presidentialism, party fragmentation (attenuated by the electoral barrier established in 2006), the transfuguism, the proportional electoral system, the ballotage, and the preferential vote. These are ingredients that, in theory, should have produced serious crises in the country, due to the fact that divided governments were formed: minority (2001-2016) and majority (2016- 2019) which, according to the doctrine, are the main causes of democratic ruptures in Latin America. It also describes the factorsthat aggravate or attenuate political crises with the aim of promoting reforms for democratic stability and improved governance. It shows that beyond the alleged failures of presidential institutional design in multiparty contexts, there is a particular form of institutional and informal agreements that have worked in the last 20 years and that have allowed finding greater democratic stability, although paradoxically they are based on the weakness of the party system, transfuguism and poor parliamentary discipline.
This research studies the factors that produce democratic stability in presidential and multiparty contexts. It analyzes the role of presidentialism, multipartyism, the electoral system and the party system in democratic stability. It studies divided governments asthe most frequent case of democratic crises and seeks to describe the factors that aggravate or attenuate executive-legislative relations. It analyzes the Peruvian case in the period from 2001 to 2021 as a paradigmatic example of the coexistence of presidentialism, party fragmentation (attenuated by the electoral barrier established in 2006), the transfuguism, the proportional electoral system, the ballotage, and the preferential vote. These are ingredients that, in theory, should have produced serious crises in the country, due to the fact that divided governments were formed: minority (2001-2016) and majority (2016- 2019) which, according to the doctrine, are the main causes of democratic ruptures in Latin America. It also describes the factorsthat aggravate or attenuate political crises with the aim of promoting reforms for democratic stability and improved governance. It shows that beyond the alleged failures of presidential institutional design in multiparty contexts, there is a particular form of institutional and informal agreements that have worked in the last 20 years and that have allowed finding greater democratic stability, although paradoxically they are based on the weakness of the party system, transfuguism and poor parliamentary discipline.
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Keywords
Estabilidad política--Perú, Legitimidad de los gobiernos--Perú, Partidos políticos--Perú