Informe jurídico sobre la sentencia N°00413-2022-PHC/TC (Control de identidad)
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2024-08-09
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El presente informe jurídico tiene como objetivo general analizar la Sentencia del
Tribunal Constitucional recaída en el Exp. N°00413-2022-PHC/TC, la cual resulta
de gran relevancia ya que mediante esta se establecen parámetros y límites a
las atribuciones de la policía en la realización del control de identidad, mediante
el cual, sin necesidad de un mandato judicial, el policía puede requerir la
identificación de una persona con fines de prevención o investigación de un
delito. En ese sentido, se analizará de manera crítica la sentencia considerando
que, si bien la decisión del máximo intérprete constitucional es acertada en
declarar fundada la demanda de hábeas corpus a favor de Luis Enrique
Rodríguez Gutiérrez y Katya Karina Vilca Jaramillo; no obstante, el caso plantea
cuestiones más amplias que deben ser abordadas, las cuales incluyen el
delimitar parámetros objetivos para determinar qué se entiende por “actitud
sospechosa”, categoría usada usualmente en las actuaciones u operaciones
policiales para justificar su labor en la prevención del delito.
Por ello, consideramos que el máximo intérprete de la Constitución ha perdido
una valiosa oportunidad de crear criterios jurisprudenciales más sólidos respecto
a esta problemática, la cual es común y cotidiana en la práctica. Particularmente,
debió haber considerado los parámetros ya delimitados por Corte
Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en el caso Fernández Prieto y Tumbeiro
vs. Argentina. En dicha sentencia, se establecieron criterios respecto a la
exigencia de elementos probatorios concretos que fundamenten la actividad del
control y prevención policial para el resguardo de la libertad personal.
Constitutional Court in Exp. N°00413-2022-PHC/TC, which is of great relevance, as it establishes parameters and limits to the powers of the police in carrying out identity checks, whereby, without the need for a warrant, the police can request the identification of a person for the purpose of preventing or investigating a crime. In this sense, we will critically analyse the sentence considering that, although the decision of the highest constitutional interpreter is correct in declaring the habeas corpus petition in favour of Luis Enrique Rodríguez Gutiérrez and Katya Karina Vilca Jaramillo to be well founded; nevertheless, the case raises broader issues that must be addressed, which include the delimitation of objective parameters to determine what is understood by "suspicious attitude", a category usually used in police actions or operations to justify their work in crime prevention. For this reason, we consider that the highest constitutional court has missed a valuable opportunity to create more solid jurisprudential criteria with respect to this problem, which is common and everyday in practice. In particular, it should have considered the parameters already established by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the case of Fernández Prieto and Tumbeiro v. Argentina. In this judgment, criteria have been defined with respect to the requirement of concrete evidence to support the activity of police control and prevention in order to safeguard personal liberty.
Constitutional Court in Exp. N°00413-2022-PHC/TC, which is of great relevance, as it establishes parameters and limits to the powers of the police in carrying out identity checks, whereby, without the need for a warrant, the police can request the identification of a person for the purpose of preventing or investigating a crime. In this sense, we will critically analyse the sentence considering that, although the decision of the highest constitutional interpreter is correct in declaring the habeas corpus petition in favour of Luis Enrique Rodríguez Gutiérrez and Katya Karina Vilca Jaramillo to be well founded; nevertheless, the case raises broader issues that must be addressed, which include the delimitation of objective parameters to determine what is understood by "suspicious attitude", a category usually used in police actions or operations to justify their work in crime prevention. For this reason, we consider that the highest constitutional court has missed a valuable opportunity to create more solid jurisprudential criteria with respect to this problem, which is common and everyday in practice. In particular, it should have considered the parameters already established by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the case of Fernández Prieto and Tumbeiro v. Argentina. In this judgment, criteria have been defined with respect to the requirement of concrete evidence to support the activity of police control and prevention in order to safeguard personal liberty.
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Palabras clave
Perú. Tribunal Constitucional--Jurisprudencia, Hábeas corpus--Jurisprudencia--Perú, Derechos fundamentales--Jurisprudencia--Perú, Derechos civiles