PUYU: Juguete educativo para desarrollar habilidades cognitivas pre-operacionales de funciones ejecutivas para niños en etapa preescolar de la comunidad rural de Chillaco, Lima
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2022-10-11
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Un gran porcentaje de la población peruana se ubica en zonas rurales, como la comunidad
rural de Chillaco, ubicada en la cuenca del río Lurín, en Lima. La escuela más cercana al pueblo
es lejana para los niños, sobre todo preescolares; en consecuencia, muchas de las familias del lugar
educan a sus hijos en sus casas o durante sus labores en la chacra. Estos niños no conocen la
experiencia educativa de un óptimo aprendizaje cognitivo al no cursar el preescolar, edad donde
se desarrollan habilidades cognitivas de la etapa pre-operacional. Las funciones ejecutivas son una
de estas habilidades indispensables para que el ser humano pueda aprender a aprender.
Contemplando métodos educativos basados en la autonomía del niño durante el aprendizaje, como
Reggio Emilia y Montessori, la brecha de investigación se enfoca en la poca atención para el
aprendizaje cognitivo de los niños en contextos vulnerables y sin tutela adulta. Desde aquí se
plantea ¿Cómo a través del diseño de un juguete educativo se favorece el desarrollo cognitivo pre operacional de funciones ejecutivas de niños de 3 a 5 años de edad en etapa pre escolar de la
comunidad rural de Chillaco en Lima? Como respuesta, se diseñó Puyu, un juguete educativo
portátil, amigable y accesible enfocado en el aprendizaje de funciones ejecutivas de los niños
mientras los padres laboran en la chacra. Se usó la metodología Diseño Centrado en el Humano
(DCH), métodos etnográficos, registros audiovisuales y revisión de literatura; se entrevistó a
usuarios, campesinos y expertos en campos pedagógicos, sociológicos y psicológicos. Como
resultado, los niños y padres aceptaron la propuesta de diseño demostrando interacción y
curiosidad por el acto de descubrir, junto a nuevas formas de uso; además, de experimentar en casa
y la chacra. En conclusión, se reafirma la pertinencia y relevancia de la implementación de un
juguete educativo en contextos rurales para el desarrollo cognitivo, Puyu demostró elevar las
respuestas cognitivas de los niños frente a situaciones básicas, las cuales se replican
indefinidamente en la vida diaria, dando paso a un incremento positivo en el aprendizaje cognitivo
de los usuarios.
A large percentage of the population in Peru is located in rural areas, such as the community of Chillaco, in the Lurín river basin, in Lima. The closest school to the town is far away for children, especially preschoolers; consequently, many of the local families have to educate their children at home or during their farm work. These children do not know the educational experience of an optimal cognitive learning, because they skip the kindergarten studies, the age where cognitive abilities of the pre-operational stage are developed; Executive functions are one of these essential skills for human beings to learn to learn. Taking as a reference the Reggio Emilia and Montessori educational methods, based on the autonomy of the kid during learning together with playful tools with the same purpose, the innovation gap focuses on the little attention for the cognitive learning of children in vulnerable contexts and without adult guardianship. From here we pose the following research question: How through the design of an educational toy the pre operational cognitive development of executive functions of children between 3 and 5 years of preschool age in the rural community of Chillaco in Lima is favored? Finding the opportunity to merge methodologies, tools, games and design in a favorable result for children's cognitive learning, Puyu was designed, a portable, friendly and accessible educational toy focused on learning executive functions while their parents work on the farm. DCH, etnographic methods, telephone records and literature review were used as methodology. Interviews were conducted with users, farmers and experts in pedagogical, sociological and psychological fields. The results showed that the children accepted the design proposal, showing interaction and curiosity to discover different and new ways of using it. The parents confirmed their approval and desire to experiment with at home and in the farm. In conclusion, the pertinence and relevance of an educational toy in rural contexts for cognitive development is reaffirmed, the same levels of enthusiasm are expected in the presentation of the final product.
A large percentage of the population in Peru is located in rural areas, such as the community of Chillaco, in the Lurín river basin, in Lima. The closest school to the town is far away for children, especially preschoolers; consequently, many of the local families have to educate their children at home or during their farm work. These children do not know the educational experience of an optimal cognitive learning, because they skip the kindergarten studies, the age where cognitive abilities of the pre-operational stage are developed; Executive functions are one of these essential skills for human beings to learn to learn. Taking as a reference the Reggio Emilia and Montessori educational methods, based on the autonomy of the kid during learning together with playful tools with the same purpose, the innovation gap focuses on the little attention for the cognitive learning of children in vulnerable contexts and without adult guardianship. From here we pose the following research question: How through the design of an educational toy the pre operational cognitive development of executive functions of children between 3 and 5 years of preschool age in the rural community of Chillaco in Lima is favored? Finding the opportunity to merge methodologies, tools, games and design in a favorable result for children's cognitive learning, Puyu was designed, a portable, friendly and accessible educational toy focused on learning executive functions while their parents work on the farm. DCH, etnographic methods, telephone records and literature review were used as methodology. Interviews were conducted with users, farmers and experts in pedagogical, sociological and psychological fields. The results showed that the children accepted the design proposal, showing interaction and curiosity to discover different and new ways of using it. The parents confirmed their approval and desire to experiment with at home and in the farm. In conclusion, the pertinence and relevance of an educational toy in rural contexts for cognitive development is reaffirmed, the same levels of enthusiasm are expected in the presentation of the final product.
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Juegos educativos--Diseño y construcción, Educación preescolar--Perú, Comunidades rurales--Perú--Lima, Cognición en niños
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