Realmente la Ley 30424 establece una responsabilidad de naturaleza administrativa para la persona jurídica?
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2023-12-12
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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La Ley 30424 entró en vigor en el año 2016 declarando una llamada “responsabilidad
administrativa” de la persona jurídica. Los juristas peruanos, en su mayoría, se han
decantado por atribuirle una naturaleza penal y no una administrativa, por lo que, para
ellos, entonces se trataría de un fraude de etiquetas. Llama la atención que se haya
decidido regular dichas medidas contra la persona jurídica cuando ya existían otras
aplicables a esta, aunque de distinta naturaleza. En efecto, con el Código Penal de 1991
se incorporó un sistema contra las personas jurídicas y que, al igual que la Ley 30424,
opera en el marco de un proceso penal. Nos referimos a las consecuencias accesorias
reguladas en los artículos 105 y 105-A del Código Penal. Estas contienen medidas muy
similares a las “sanciones” que se han instaurado en nuestro ordenamiento con la Ley
30424. En atención a ello, el objetivo de la presente investigación consiste en determinar
si la responsabilidad que declara la Ley 30424 realmente posee una naturaleza
administrativa o penal y, además, esclarecer su ámbito de aplicación, en contraste con
las consecuencias accesorias del mencionado artículo 105 del Código Penal. La tesis
inicia con un recorrido histórico acerca de los antecedentes legislativos de las
consecuencias accesorias y de la Ley 30424. Se describe cómo se dio su incorporación
en la legislación peruana y se analiza la actual regulación de ambas formas de reacción
frente a la persona jurídica. De manera posterior, se realizará un análisis acerca de los
fundamentos que sustentan una “responsabilidad penal” de la persona jurídica y se
determinará que ninguna de las razones brindadas en la doctrina logra justificar la
existencia de tal responsabilidad en un Derecho Penal antropocéntrico, es decir uno en
el que solo la persona natural es sujeto del delito y de la pena. Los argumentos
provenientes del Derecho Comparado, del que se desprenden varias formulaciones de
una responsabilidad “penal” de las personas jurídicas, resultan ineficientes en nuestro
ordenamiento jurídico, pues conducirían a desligarnos de los principios del Derecho
Penal y a trivializar conceptos dogmáticos, como los que contiene la teoría del delito,
pensada única y exclusivamente para la persona natural. La publicación de la Ley 30424
no ha zanjado los debates acerca de la vigencia o no del principio societas delinquere
non potest, sino que más bien los ha reforzado, debido a que cada vez se hace más
notoria la verdadera razón de haber decidido incorporar la responsabilidad
“administrativa” de la persona jurídica en el ordenamiento jurídico peruano: el
cumplimiento de ciertos requisitos para poder acceder a la OCDE.
Law 30424 became effective in 2016 declaring a so-called "administrative liability" of the legal person. Peruvian jurists, for the most part, have opted for attributing to it a "criminal" nature and not an administrative one, because for them it would be a label fraud. It is striking that it has been decided to regulate such measures against the legal entity when there were already others applicable to it, although of a different nature. In fact, with the Criminal Code of Peru of 1991, a system against legal persons was incorporated which, like Law 30424, operates in a criminal proceeding. We refer to the accessory consequences regulated in articles 105 and 105-A of the referred Criminal Code. These contain measures very similar to the "sanctions" that have been established in our legal system with Law 30424. In view of this, the objective of this thesis is to determine whether the liability declared by Law 30424 really has an administrative or criminal nature and, in addition, to clarify its scope of application, in contrast with the accessory consequences of the aforementioned article 105 of the Criminal Code. The thesis begins with a historical review of the legislative background of the Accessory Consequences and of Law 30434. It describes how they were incorporated into Peruvian legislation and analyzes the current regulation of both forms of reaction against the legal person. Subsequently, an analysis will be made on the grounds that support a "criminal liability" of the legal person and it will be determined that none of the reasons provided can justify the existence of such liability in an anthropocentric criminal law, that is, in a system in which only the natural person is the subject of the crime and the penalty. The arguments coming from Comparative Law, from which several formulations of a "criminal" liability of legal persons are derived, are inefficient in our legal system, since they would lead us to detach ourselves from the principles of Criminal Law and to trivialize dogmatic concepts such as those contained in the Theory of Crime, thought only and exclusively for the natural person. The publication of Law 30424 has not settled the debates about the principle societas delinquere non potest, but rather has reinforced them because the real reason for having decided to incorporate it into our legal system, that is, to comply with certain requirements to be able to access the OCDE, is becoming more and more evident.
Law 30424 became effective in 2016 declaring a so-called "administrative liability" of the legal person. Peruvian jurists, for the most part, have opted for attributing to it a "criminal" nature and not an administrative one, because for them it would be a label fraud. It is striking that it has been decided to regulate such measures against the legal entity when there were already others applicable to it, although of a different nature. In fact, with the Criminal Code of Peru of 1991, a system against legal persons was incorporated which, like Law 30424, operates in a criminal proceeding. We refer to the accessory consequences regulated in articles 105 and 105-A of the referred Criminal Code. These contain measures very similar to the "sanctions" that have been established in our legal system with Law 30424. In view of this, the objective of this thesis is to determine whether the liability declared by Law 30424 really has an administrative or criminal nature and, in addition, to clarify its scope of application, in contrast with the accessory consequences of the aforementioned article 105 of the Criminal Code. The thesis begins with a historical review of the legislative background of the Accessory Consequences and of Law 30434. It describes how they were incorporated into Peruvian legislation and analyzes the current regulation of both forms of reaction against the legal person. Subsequently, an analysis will be made on the grounds that support a "criminal liability" of the legal person and it will be determined that none of the reasons provided can justify the existence of such liability in an anthropocentric criminal law, that is, in a system in which only the natural person is the subject of the crime and the penalty. The arguments coming from Comparative Law, from which several formulations of a "criminal" liability of legal persons are derived, are inefficient in our legal system, since they would lead us to detach ourselves from the principles of Criminal Law and to trivialize dogmatic concepts such as those contained in the Theory of Crime, thought only and exclusively for the natural person. The publication of Law 30424 has not settled the debates about the principle societas delinquere non potest, but rather has reinforced them because the real reason for having decided to incorporate it into our legal system, that is, to comply with certain requirements to be able to access the OCDE, is becoming more and more evident.
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Derecho administrativo--Legislación--Perú, Responsabilidad administrativa--Perú, Responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas
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