En la sombra de la legalidad: las causas de la corrupción en la contratación de obras públicas. El caso del Hospital Antonio Lorena y la Avenida de Evitamiento en el Cusco (2011-2014)
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2020-10-01
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar las causas de la
corrupción en la construcción de obras públicas a partir de dos casos de estudio:
Vía de Evitamiento y el Hospital Antonio Lorena del Cusco. Se argumenta que
corrupción presente en estos dos casos responde a una racionalidad utilitaria y
de interacción estratégica presente en las relaciones entre actores públicos y
privados (variable independiente 1), y la existencia de deficiencias normativas en
el proceso de contratación (variable independiente 2). Para probar la hipótesis
planteada se emplea una metodología multimétodo: un experimento por
encuesta aplicado a funcionarios públicos que laboraron en el Gobierno Regional
del Cusco entre el 2011 al 2014, entrevistas semiestructuradas a actores clave
y revisión de fuentes secundarias.
En este estudio, el enfoque de políticas públicas permite ponderar el poder
y recursos de los actores, los procesos burocráticos politizados y los conflictos
de interés dentro del proceso de contratación de obras públicas. Se encuentra
que la toma de decisiones responde a un pacto entre las partes que surge de los
sobornos ofrecidos por las constructoras. A su vez, las decisiones de los actores
se explican por el sesgo cognitivo de aversión a pérdida, es decir, personas
prefieran evitar una perdida segura, el no involucrarse en actos de corrupción,
en favor de una perdida potencial, perder el trabajo e ir a prisión.
This study analyzes corruption in public construction procurement to identify its causes. This, based on two case studies: “Avenida de Evitamiento y el Hospital Antonio Lorena del Cusco. It is argued that corruption present in these two cases responds to an utilitarian rationality and strategic interaction present in the relationships between public and private actors (independent variable 1), and the existence of regulatory deficiencies in the contract procurement. (independent variable 2). To test the hypothesis, this study uses a multi-method methodology: an experiment by survey applied to public officials who worked in the Regional Government of Cusco between 2011-2014, semi-structured interviews with key actors and review of secondary sources. Likewise, the public policy approach allows to consider the power and resources of the actors, politicized bureaucratic processes and conflicts of interest within the construction public procurement. In that sense, the study proves that decision-making responds to an agreement between the actors involved in the construction public procurement. This agreement arises from the bribes offered by construction companies. Also, it responds to the cognitive bias of aversion to loss, that is, actors avoid a certain loss, not receive a bribe; in favor of a potential loss, lose their job and go to prison.
This study analyzes corruption in public construction procurement to identify its causes. This, based on two case studies: “Avenida de Evitamiento y el Hospital Antonio Lorena del Cusco. It is argued that corruption present in these two cases responds to an utilitarian rationality and strategic interaction present in the relationships between public and private actors (independent variable 1), and the existence of regulatory deficiencies in the contract procurement. (independent variable 2). To test the hypothesis, this study uses a multi-method methodology: an experiment by survey applied to public officials who worked in the Regional Government of Cusco between 2011-2014, semi-structured interviews with key actors and review of secondary sources. Likewise, the public policy approach allows to consider the power and resources of the actors, politicized bureaucratic processes and conflicts of interest within the construction public procurement. In that sense, the study proves that decision-making responds to an agreement between the actors involved in the construction public procurement. This agreement arises from the bribes offered by construction companies. Also, it responds to the cognitive bias of aversion to loss, that is, actors avoid a certain loss, not receive a bribe; in favor of a potential loss, lose their job and go to prison.
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Corrupción política--Perú--Cuzco, Delitos de los funcionarios--Perú--Cuzco, Obras públicas--Perú--Cuzco, Contratos administrativos--Perú--Cuzco