Ontología corpórea moche: construyendo y experimentando a los ancestros
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2019-04-17
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial
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El cuerpo ha sido siempre un concepto omnipresente en la arqueología. A pesar de ello, este, como categoría analítica, ha sido muy poco problematizado y, aun mucho menos, teorizado. Esta falencia es particularmente notoria en la arqueología andina. Este artículo se inserta dentro de las discusiones del giro ontológico en la arqueología y analiza cómo este nuevo paradigma brinda herramientas teóricas para un entendimiento alternativo del cuerpo humano, sus fronteras y sus diversas formas de manifestarse en el mundo social y material. Utilizo el perspectivismo amerindio de Viveiros de Castro para reevaluar los datos arqueológicos del cementerio moche de San José de Moro y, así, proponer una ontología corpórea moche bajo la cual el cuerpo es entendido como una entidad en perpetuo cambio, con características relacionales y con propiedades de transubstanciación. Analizo datos arqueológicos recuperados tanto de los patios funerarios de San José de Moro, como de su zona monumental. Argumento que el fuego estuvo íntimamente ligado a los ritos de ancestralidad en el sitio, los mismos que tuvieron como finalidad la conversión física y metafísica del cuerpo de determinados individuos en entidades ancestrales. Presto particular atención a la ontología de la materia rígida, la cual se manifiesta en las representaciones (simulacra) de ancestros, las mismas que se hallan distribuidos a lo largo del cementerio. En las etnografías andinas, objetos similares están cargados de una esencia vital, un sami, el cual se transfigura, transmuta y ejerce influencia en el mundo social y natural de los pobladores andinos.
The body has always been an omnipresent concept in archaeological research. And yet, it has been poorly problematized and even less theorized. This limitation is particularly notorious in Andean Archaeology. This article resonates with the current discussion of the ontological turn in archaeology and discusses how this new paradigm offers theoretical tools for an alternative understanding of the human body, its boundaries, and the various ways in which it manifests in the natural and social world. I use Viveiros de Castro´s Amerindian Perspectivism to re-evaluate archaeological evidence from the Moche cemetery of San José de Moro. I propose a Moche corporeal ontology under which the body is conceptualized as an ever-changing entity with relational characteristics and transubstantiation properties. I integrate archaeological data recovered both from the funerary patios and the monumental areas of San José de Moro. I argue that fire was intimately linked to ancestrality rites celebrated at the site. These rites aimed at converting the body of given individuals into ancestral entities, both at a physical and metaphysical level. I draw special attention to the ontology of the rigid matter, which is manifested in the ancestors’ simulacra. These simulacra were widely distributed across the cemetery. Ethnographic accounts in the Andean region describe how these objects are charged with a vital essence, a «sami», which transfigures, transmutes, and exerts significant influence in the social and natural world of Andean people.
The body has always been an omnipresent concept in archaeological research. And yet, it has been poorly problematized and even less theorized. This limitation is particularly notorious in Andean Archaeology. This article resonates with the current discussion of the ontological turn in archaeology and discusses how this new paradigm offers theoretical tools for an alternative understanding of the human body, its boundaries, and the various ways in which it manifests in the natural and social world. I use Viveiros de Castro´s Amerindian Perspectivism to re-evaluate archaeological evidence from the Moche cemetery of San José de Moro. I propose a Moche corporeal ontology under which the body is conceptualized as an ever-changing entity with relational characteristics and transubstantiation properties. I integrate archaeological data recovered both from the funerary patios and the monumental areas of San José de Moro. I argue that fire was intimately linked to ancestrality rites celebrated at the site. These rites aimed at converting the body of given individuals into ancestral entities, both at a physical and metaphysical level. I draw special attention to the ontology of the rigid matter, which is manifested in the ancestors’ simulacra. These simulacra were widely distributed across the cemetery. Ethnographic accounts in the Andean region describe how these objects are charged with a vital essence, a «sami», which transfigures, transmutes, and exerts significant influence in the social and natural world of Andean people.
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Ontología corpórea, Ancestralidad, Transubstanciación, Simbolismo del fuego
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