Pucará: Vida, salud y muerte en una hacienda mineral del virreinato del Perú
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2023-07-05
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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La economía del imperio español de los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII estuvo sustentada
principalmente en la explotación de metales preciosos en las minas de sus colonias
americanas. A pesar de que se conoce de manera general el impacto que esta actividad
tuvo en la vida y la salud de los trabajadores de las minas, existen muy pocos estudios
detallados del tipo de daños que los procesos de obtención del metal produjeron en los
cuerpos de las personas, ni tampoco la manera en que distintos segmentos de la población
fueron afectados. Por otra parte, la mayoría de estudios sobre el trabajo en las minas
coloniales se ha focalizado en la historia de grandes centros como Potosí y Huancavelica,
existiendo pocos estudios sobre regiones con espacios de explotación y producción más
pequeños, pero igualmente importantes para la economía colonial.
Esta investigación es un aporte al conocimiento de la vida y salud de personas que
trabajaron en uno de estos espacios de producción más pequeños, a partir del estudio
bioarqueológico de una colección de restos humanos esqueletizados. Estos fueron
exhumados durante trabajos de rescate arqueológico en la antigua hacienda Pucará, una
hacienda mineral localizada en el partido de Huarochirí, que funcionó desde finales del
siglo XVI, y cuyo apogeo ocurrió probablemente en el siglo XVIII.
Utilizando los métodos usuales de la bioarqueología se hizo la reconstrucción del perfil
biológico de cada esqueleto y se llevaron a cabo análisis de indicadores de estrés
inespecífico, traumatismos, enfermedades infecciosas y malformaciones. El perfil
demográfico de los ocupantes de la capilla presenta un fuerte sesgo hacia el sexo
masculino de ascendencia americana, pero se encontraron igualmente restos de personas
de ambos sexos, de todas las edades y de ascendencias americana, africana y
probablemente europea. Los resultados de los análisis de hipoplasias lineales del esmalte
mostraron mayor estrés fisiológico entre las niñas y entre infantes de probable
ascendencia europea, tendencia que se revierte en el rango de 9 a 11 años, donde los niños
con mayor estrés fueron los de ascendencia americana y sexo masculino. Los
traumatismos también tuvieron una mayor frecuencia en este sexo y ascendencia. Otros
indicadores, como la hiperostosis porótica, cribra orbital, indicadores de infección y
malformaciones afectaron de manera más o menos similar a todos los grupos enterrados
en la capilla.
v
Usando los postulados de la teoría de la construcción del nicho, se interpreta estos
hallazgos como la construcción de un nicho negativo, es decir, desfavorable para la
aptitud biológica de los individuos. Este nicho fue construido desde una ideología que
organizaba a la sociedad en un rígido sistema de castas, en el que el poder económico era
el medio para poder ascender o por lo menos sobrevivir. Todos los integrantes de este
nicho contribuyeron a su construcción y reconstrucción, siendo igualmente todos
afectados, unos más que otros, pero siempre de forma negativa, por las características
ambientales descritas.
The economy of the Spanish empire in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries was mainly based on the exploitation of precious metals from the mines located on its American colonies. Although it is well known that this activity had an important impact on the life and health of mine workers, there are few studies that detail the type of lesions that the metal extraction processes produced in the bodies of those people, or the way in which different segments of the population were affected. Also, most studies are focused on the history of large centers such as Potosí and Huancavelica and not on regions with smaller exploitation and production spaces, that were also important for the colonial economy. This research is a contribution to the knowledge of the life and health of people who worked in one of these small centers. It is based on the bioarchaeological study of a collection of skeletonized human remains. These were exhumed during archaeological salvage work at the old Hacienda Pucará, a production space located in the Partido de Huarochirí. This Hacienda operated since the end of the 16th century, and its apogee probably occurred in the 18th century. Using the usual methods of bioarchaeology, the biological profile of each skeleton was reconstructed and analyzes of non-specific stress indicators, trauma, infectious diseases and malformations were carried out. The demographic profile of the occupants of the chapel is strongly biased toward males of American descent, but remains of both sexes, of all ages, and of American, African, and probably European ancestry were also found. The results of the analysis of linear enamel hypoplasias showed greater phisiological stress among girls and among children of probable European descent, a trend that reversed in the range of 9 to 11 years, where the children with the greatest stress were those of American descent and male sex. Injuries also had a higher frequency in this sex and ancestry. Other indicators, such as porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia, infection, and malformations affected all the groups buried in the chapel in a similar way. Using the postulates of the niche construction theory, these findings are interpreted as the construction of a negative niche, that is, unfavorable for the biological fitness of individuals. This niche was built from an ideology that organized society in a rigid caste system, in which economic power was the mean to ascend or at least survive. All the vii members of this niche contributed to its construction and reconstruction, all being equally affected, some more than others, but always negatively, by the environmental characteristics described.
The economy of the Spanish empire in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries was mainly based on the exploitation of precious metals from the mines located on its American colonies. Although it is well known that this activity had an important impact on the life and health of mine workers, there are few studies that detail the type of lesions that the metal extraction processes produced in the bodies of those people, or the way in which different segments of the population were affected. Also, most studies are focused on the history of large centers such as Potosí and Huancavelica and not on regions with smaller exploitation and production spaces, that were also important for the colonial economy. This research is a contribution to the knowledge of the life and health of people who worked in one of these small centers. It is based on the bioarchaeological study of a collection of skeletonized human remains. These were exhumed during archaeological salvage work at the old Hacienda Pucará, a production space located in the Partido de Huarochirí. This Hacienda operated since the end of the 16th century, and its apogee probably occurred in the 18th century. Using the usual methods of bioarchaeology, the biological profile of each skeleton was reconstructed and analyzes of non-specific stress indicators, trauma, infectious diseases and malformations were carried out. The demographic profile of the occupants of the chapel is strongly biased toward males of American descent, but remains of both sexes, of all ages, and of American, African, and probably European ancestry were also found. The results of the analysis of linear enamel hypoplasias showed greater phisiological stress among girls and among children of probable European descent, a trend that reversed in the range of 9 to 11 years, where the children with the greatest stress were those of American descent and male sex. Injuries also had a higher frequency in this sex and ancestry. Other indicators, such as porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia, infection, and malformations affected all the groups buried in the chapel in a similar way. Using the postulates of the niche construction theory, these findings are interpreted as the construction of a negative niche, that is, unfavorable for the biological fitness of individuals. This niche was built from an ideology that organized society in a rigid caste system, in which economic power was the mean to ascend or at least survive. All the vii members of this niche contributed to its construction and reconstruction, all being equally affected, some more than others, but always negatively, by the environmental characteristics described.
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Minas--Perú--Historia--Colonia, Restos humanos (Arqueología)--Perú, Evolución (Biología), Perú--Historia--Siglos XVI-XVIII
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