Estudio del acceso al Programa Presupuestal Articulado Nutricional de niñas y niños menores de 2 años de la localidad de Chiriaco, del distrito de Imaza, provincia de Bagua, departamento de Amazonas”
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2017-12-01
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El presente estudio indaga acerca de los factores que influyen en la demanda de servicios
y productos priorizados del Programa Presupuestal Articulado Nutricional (PAN), provistos
a través del Sector salud y financiado por Sistema Integral de Salud (SIS) para la
prevención de la desnutrición crónica infantil (DCI) y la anemia en niñas y niños menores
de 2 años, atendidos, conjuntamente con sus madres, en el Establecimiento de Salud de
la localidad awajún de Chiriaco, capital del distrito de Imaza, provincia de Bagua, en el
departamento de Amazonas.
La desnutrición crónica infantil y la anemia son graves enfermedades deficitarias
ocasionadas directa e indirectamente por factores sociales, de salubridad, económicos,
educativos, culturales, nutricionales, que afectan a poblaciones excluidas y pobres como
las comunidades rurales e indígenas de la Amazonía. Esta situación condena a estas
poblaciones a vivir permanentemente en la pobreza y exclusión al limitarse las
posibilidades y oportunidades gozar de una vida sana y larga, una buena educación y un
empleo digno, constituyendo una falta, por parte del Estado y la Sociedad. Para enfrentar
esta situación se ha creado el PAN como una estrategia del Estado que liderado por
Salud integra a Educación, Vivienda, Agricultura, MEF, municipios, programas sociales,
RENIEC y Sociedad Civil en la implementación de productos (agua, vacunas, servicios,
capacitación, cocinas, suplementos, organización, identidad, etc.).
El sector Salud viene implementando un conjunto de productos del PAN que han sido
priorizados (vacunas, atenciones, suplementos) para enfrentar las causas directas y que
están contribuyendo a disminuir la DCI y la anemia. Para conocer sobre esta
implementación hemos seleccionado por juicio y conveniencia una muestra de 20 niños y
niñas menores de 2 años con el fin de conocer cómo se realiza la oferta y demanda del
PAN. Este registro se realizó a través de entrevistas a las madres de los niños, agentes
comunitarios, personal de salud, autoridades locales, y también mediante la observación
del servicio brindado así como la revisión de la documentación que se genera en el
establecimiento de salud.
Este análisis nos permiten afirmar que estos productos priorizados del PAN contribuyen
en la prevención de la DCI en los menores de 2 años, pero no en la prevención de la
anemia, confirmando los hallazgos de otras investigaciones respecto a que
intervenciones como el PAN y programas sociales solo contribuyen en la disminución de
la DCI los niños y niñas menores de 2 años, periodo en que su alimentación depende
principalmente de la lactancia materna y tienen un monitoreo constante del personal de
Salud pero luego, después de los dos años, la incidencia de DCI se incrementa cuando su
desarrollo depende más de las deficientes dieta y economía familiar así como de las
condiciones de vida y salubridad comunales de las familias y comunidades.
De acuerdo a nuestro análisis los servicios y productos priorizados del PAN pueden
mejorar con una adecuación intercultural, la participación proactiva de las familias y la
articulación de los actores locales clave (autoridades políticas y sectoriales, dirigentes
sociales, población y personal de salud), pero no es suficiente y sus logros son
insostenibles si es que no se implementan los otros productos del modelo del PAN: agua
segura y sanidad, seguridad alimentaria, capacitación comunitaria y acceso a servicios
básicos. La gerencia social contempla instrumentos y estrategias que permitan mejorar
intervenciones costo efectivas como el PAN y por tanto es fundamental para la
implementación de este tipo de programa que contribuyen al desarrollo humano y local.
The present study searches in the influential factors of the services and products public demand from the Nutritional Articulated Program (PAN), provided through the Integral Health System (SIS) for the prevention of the Chronic Child Malnutrition (DCI) and anemia in 2 years old or less children, with health care among their mothers in Public Health Dependences in the Awajún community of Chiriaco, main capital of Imaza, in the province of Bagua, in Amazonas department. The Chronic Child Malnutrition and anemia are deficit diseases produced by direct and indirect social, healthiness, economics, educational, cultural, and nutritional factors that affect poor and excluded people like Amazonia´s rural and Indian population. For this situation, this people forever live in poverty and social exclusion because they don´t have opportunities and possibilities to have a long and health live, good education and decent work. This constitutes a failure, on the part of the State and the Society, to fulfill the human rights and citizens of these populations. In order to address this situation, the PAN has been created as a State strategy, which is led by Health integrating Education, Housing, Agriculture, MEF, municipalities, social programs, RENIEC and Civil Society in the implementation of products (water, vaccines, improved kitchens, supplements, organization, identity, etc.). The Health sector has been implementing a set of PAN products that have been prioritized (vaccines, care, supplements) to address the direct causes and that are helping to reduce DCI and anemia. In order to know about this implementation we have selected for trial and convenience a sample of 20 children under 2 years of age in order to know how the supply and demand of the PAN is performed. This registry was done through interviews with mothers of children, community agents, health personnel, local authorities, and also through observation of the service provided as well as the review of the documentation generated in the health facility. This analysis allows us to affirm that these prioritized products of the PAN contribute to the prevention of DCI in children under 2 years, but not in the prevention of anemia, confirming the findings of other investigations that interventions such as PAN and social programs only contribute to the decline the DCI of children under 2 years of age. During this age their feeding depends mainly on breastfeeding and has a constant monitoring of Health personnel, but then, after two years, the incidence of DCI increases when their development depends more on the deficient diet and family economy as well as the communal life and health conditions of families and communities. According to our analysis, PAN's prioritized services and products can be improved through intercultural adaptation, pro-active family involvement and articulation of key local actors (political and sectorial authorities, social leaders, population and health personnel), but is not enough and its achievements are unsustainable if other products of the PAN model are not implemented: safe water and sanitation, food security, community training and access to basic services. The social management contemplates instruments and strategies that allow to improve cost effective interventions like the PAN and therefore is fundamental for the implementation of this type of program that contribute to the human and local development
The present study searches in the influential factors of the services and products public demand from the Nutritional Articulated Program (PAN), provided through the Integral Health System (SIS) for the prevention of the Chronic Child Malnutrition (DCI) and anemia in 2 years old or less children, with health care among their mothers in Public Health Dependences in the Awajún community of Chiriaco, main capital of Imaza, in the province of Bagua, in Amazonas department. The Chronic Child Malnutrition and anemia are deficit diseases produced by direct and indirect social, healthiness, economics, educational, cultural, and nutritional factors that affect poor and excluded people like Amazonia´s rural and Indian population. For this situation, this people forever live in poverty and social exclusion because they don´t have opportunities and possibilities to have a long and health live, good education and decent work. This constitutes a failure, on the part of the State and the Society, to fulfill the human rights and citizens of these populations. In order to address this situation, the PAN has been created as a State strategy, which is led by Health integrating Education, Housing, Agriculture, MEF, municipalities, social programs, RENIEC and Civil Society in the implementation of products (water, vaccines, improved kitchens, supplements, organization, identity, etc.). The Health sector has been implementing a set of PAN products that have been prioritized (vaccines, care, supplements) to address the direct causes and that are helping to reduce DCI and anemia. In order to know about this implementation we have selected for trial and convenience a sample of 20 children under 2 years of age in order to know how the supply and demand of the PAN is performed. This registry was done through interviews with mothers of children, community agents, health personnel, local authorities, and also through observation of the service provided as well as the review of the documentation generated in the health facility. This analysis allows us to affirm that these prioritized products of the PAN contribute to the prevention of DCI in children under 2 years, but not in the prevention of anemia, confirming the findings of other investigations that interventions such as PAN and social programs only contribute to the decline the DCI of children under 2 years of age. During this age their feeding depends mainly on breastfeeding and has a constant monitoring of Health personnel, but then, after two years, the incidence of DCI increases when their development depends more on the deficient diet and family economy as well as the communal life and health conditions of families and communities. According to our analysis, PAN's prioritized services and products can be improved through intercultural adaptation, pro-active family involvement and articulation of key local actors (political and sectorial authorities, social leaders, population and health personnel), but is not enough and its achievements are unsustainable if other products of the PAN model are not implemented: safe water and sanitation, food security, community training and access to basic services. The social management contemplates instruments and strategies that allow to improve cost effective interventions like the PAN and therefore is fundamental for the implementation of this type of program that contribute to the human and local development
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Palabras clave
Desnutrición infantil-- Perú--Amazonas, Política de salud--Perú, Salud pública--Perú
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