Evaluación de la capacidad de adsorción de las arcillas organofílicas para la adsorción de nitratos y nitritos en soluciones acuosas
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2017-09-04
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El presente trabajo de tesis tiene como finalidad el estudio de la adsorción de los aniones
nitrato y nitrito en soluciones acuosas empleando arcillas organofílicas como adsorbentes. Las
arcillas organofílicas se obtuvieron mediante la sustitución de los cationes de cambio presentes
en las arcillas precursoras por cationes amonio cuaternario, para ello se emplearon dos arcillas
precursoras, una arcilla cálcica natural (FS) y la misma arcilla intercambiada con Na+ (CP) y dos
cationes amonio hexadeciltrimetilamonio (HDTMA) y benciltrietilamonio (BTEA) con cantidades
equivalentes a 1.5, 2.5 y 4.0 de capacidad de intercambio catiónico (C.E.C.) de la arcilla
precursora.
Para determinar las características estructurales, morfológicas y texturales de las arcillas
precursoras y organofílicas se emplearon técnicas analíticas e instrumentales. Los
difractogramas de rayos X (DRX) obtenidos mostraron una variación significativa en el espaciado
basal d001 entre las arcillas precursoras y las arcillas organofílicas. Además, la presencia de los
grupos –CH2 y C-N en los espectros FTIR confirmaron la presencia de los cationes amónicos en
las arcillas organofílica. Este intercambio también fue evidenciado mediante la titulación Boehm
y el análisis del punto de carga cero. Del análisis de sorción de N2 se observó una reducción del
área superficial en las arcillas organofílicas.
Considerando la capacidad de adsorción de las arcillas organofílicas para ambos aniones
(nitrato y nitrito) se encontró el siguiente orden: CP-HDTMA-4.0 > CP-HDTMA-2.5 > FS-HDTMA-
4.0 > FS-HDTMA-2.5 > CP-HDTMA-1.5 > > FS-HDTMA-1.5 > CP-BTEA-4.0 > CP-BTEA-2.5 > FS-BTEA-
4.0 > FS-BTEA-2.5 > CP-BTEA-1.5 > FS-BTEA-1.5. La adsorción de nitrato y nitrito fue rápida en
los primeros minutos logrando alcanzar el equilibrio entre los 8 - 15 min. El modelo cinético que
presentó un mejor ajuste con los resultados experimentales de la adsorción de ambos aniones
fue el de pseudo-segundo orden. Con respecto a las isotermas de adsorción de nitrato se
encontró un mejor ajuste con los modelos de Redlich-Peterson y Langmuir, mientras que para
la adsorción de nitrito, las isotermas se correlacionaron mejor con el modelo de Langmuir. Al
evaluar los factores que influyen en la capacidad de adsorción de nitrato y nitrito se logró
alcanzar la máxima adsorción a pH = 4 y con una cantidad de sal amónica equivalente a 4.0 C.E.C
de la arcilla precursora, mientras que a pH = 10 y con una cantidad de sal amónica de 1.5 C.E.C
se obtuvo una mínima adsorción.
The present thesis aimed to study the adsorption of nitrate and nitrite anions in aqueous solutions using organophilic clays as adsorbents. The organophilic clays were obtained by replacing the exchange cations present in the precursor clays with quaternary ammonium cations. For this purpose, two precursor clays were used, was the one natural calcium clay (FS) and the other was the same clay exchanged with Na+ (CP) and two ammonium cations, hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) and benzyltriethylammonium (BTEA) with amounts equivalent to 1.5, 2.5 and 4.0 cation exchange capacity (C.E.C) of the precursor clay. In order to determine the structural, morphological and textural characteristics of the precursor clays and the organophilic clays, instrumental and analytical techniques were used. The obtained X-ray diffractograms (XRD) showed a significant variation in the basal spacing d001 between the precursor clays and the organophilic clays. In addition, the presence of the -CH2 and C-N groups in the FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of the ammonium cations in the organophilic clays. This exchange was also evidenced by the Boehm titration and the zero charge point analysis. From the N2 sorption analysis, a reduction of the surface area was observed. Considering the adsorption capacity of the organophilic clays for both anions, the following order was found: CP-HDTMA-4.0 > CP-HDTMA-2.5 > FS-HDTMA-4.0, FS-HDTMA-2.5 > CPHDTMA- 1.5 > FS-HDTMA-1.5 > CP-BTEA-4.0 > CP-BTEA-2.5 > FS-BTEA-4.0 > FS-BTEA-2.5 > CPBTEA- 1.5 > FS-BTEA-1.5. The adsorption of nitrate and nitrite was fast in the first few minutes, reaching equilibrium at 8 - 15 min. The kinetic model that presented a better fit with the experimental results of the adsorption of both anions was pseudo-second order. With respect to the nitrate adsorption isotherms, a better fit was found with the Redlich-Peterson and Langmuir models, while for the nitrite adsorption, the isotherms were better correlated with the Langmuir model. When evaluating the factors that influence the adsorption capacity of nitrate and nitrite, it was possible to reach the maximum adsorption at pH = 4 and with an amount of ammonium salt equivalent to 4.0 C.E.C of the precursor clay, while at pH = 10 and with an amount of ammonium salt of 1.5 C.E.C a minimum adsorption was obtained.
The present thesis aimed to study the adsorption of nitrate and nitrite anions in aqueous solutions using organophilic clays as adsorbents. The organophilic clays were obtained by replacing the exchange cations present in the precursor clays with quaternary ammonium cations. For this purpose, two precursor clays were used, was the one natural calcium clay (FS) and the other was the same clay exchanged with Na+ (CP) and two ammonium cations, hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) and benzyltriethylammonium (BTEA) with amounts equivalent to 1.5, 2.5 and 4.0 cation exchange capacity (C.E.C) of the precursor clay. In order to determine the structural, morphological and textural characteristics of the precursor clays and the organophilic clays, instrumental and analytical techniques were used. The obtained X-ray diffractograms (XRD) showed a significant variation in the basal spacing d001 between the precursor clays and the organophilic clays. In addition, the presence of the -CH2 and C-N groups in the FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of the ammonium cations in the organophilic clays. This exchange was also evidenced by the Boehm titration and the zero charge point analysis. From the N2 sorption analysis, a reduction of the surface area was observed. Considering the adsorption capacity of the organophilic clays for both anions, the following order was found: CP-HDTMA-4.0 > CP-HDTMA-2.5 > FS-HDTMA-4.0, FS-HDTMA-2.5 > CPHDTMA- 1.5 > FS-HDTMA-1.5 > CP-BTEA-4.0 > CP-BTEA-2.5 > FS-BTEA-4.0 > FS-BTEA-2.5 > CPBTEA- 1.5 > FS-BTEA-1.5. The adsorption of nitrate and nitrite was fast in the first few minutes, reaching equilibrium at 8 - 15 min. The kinetic model that presented a better fit with the experimental results of the adsorption of both anions was pseudo-second order. With respect to the nitrate adsorption isotherms, a better fit was found with the Redlich-Peterson and Langmuir models, while for the nitrite adsorption, the isotherms were better correlated with the Langmuir model. When evaluating the factors that influence the adsorption capacity of nitrate and nitrite, it was possible to reach the maximum adsorption at pH = 4 and with an amount of ammonium salt equivalent to 4.0 C.E.C of the precursor clay, while at pH = 10 and with an amount of ammonium salt of 1.5 C.E.C a minimum adsorption was obtained.
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Adsorción, Arcilla-Análisis, Aguas subterráneas-Contaminación, Nitratos
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