La eficiencia de la materialidad: Edificios brutalistas en el Perú, 1965-1980
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2023-01-24
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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La arquitectura brutalista supone un tema controversial en la arquitectura debido a su origen incierto, la monumentalidad de sus estructuras y su proceso de globalización. En el Perú, específicamente, existe aún mayor controversia por la adjudicación del brutalismo a la arquitectura del Gobierno Militar de Juan Velasco, que desacredita la capacidad intelectual de los arquitectos peruanos de la época. Por ello, la presente investigación realiza una revisión historiográfica de los edificios responsables de la creación del brutalismo como la Unidad de Habitación de Marsella de 1952 y la Escuela Hunstanton de 1954 y determina los principios comunes. Estos fueron, en un contexto de crisis posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la eficiencia de los procesos constructivos, la pertinencia estructural de sus materiales y la eficiencia energética de los edificios. Posteriormente, realiza análisis técnicos en tres casos de estudio para determinar la permanencia de dichos principios en la arquitectura brutalista construida en Lima entre los años 1965 y 1980, con la finalidad de hallar un sustento técnico para su construcción en dicha época y lugar. Entre dichos casos se analiza el Centro Cívico de Lima, el edificio de Petroperú y el ex Ministerio de Pesquería. Finalmente, se comprueba el sustento de la arquitectura brutalista desde sus procesos constructivos y la pertinencia de sus estructuras, sin embargo, no desde su eficiencia energética.
Brutalist architecture is a controversial subject because of its uncertain origin, the monumentality of its structures and its globalization. In Peru, especially, there is even more controversy over brutalism because of its attribution to the Military Government of Juan Velasco, which discredits the intellectual capacity of Peruvian architects of the time. For this reason, the present research carries out a historiographical review of the buildings responsible for the creation of brutalism such as the Unite d’habitation of Marseille of 1952 and the Hunstanton School of 1954 and determines its common principles. These were, in a context of crisis, the efficiency of construction procedures, the relevance of the structures and the energy efficiency of the buildings. Afterwards it performs technical analysis in three buildings to determine the permanence of the previous principles in the brutalist architecture built in Lima from 1965 to 1980 and find a technical basis for its construction. The buildings to be analyzed are the Civic Center of Lima, the Petroperu Building and the former Ministry of Fisheries. Finally, the relevance of brutalist architecture is verified from its construction procedures and its structures, however, not from its energy efficiency.
Brutalist architecture is a controversial subject because of its uncertain origin, the monumentality of its structures and its globalization. In Peru, especially, there is even more controversy over brutalism because of its attribution to the Military Government of Juan Velasco, which discredits the intellectual capacity of Peruvian architects of the time. For this reason, the present research carries out a historiographical review of the buildings responsible for the creation of brutalism such as the Unite d’habitation of Marseille of 1952 and the Hunstanton School of 1954 and determines its common principles. These were, in a context of crisis, the efficiency of construction procedures, the relevance of the structures and the energy efficiency of the buildings. Afterwards it performs technical analysis in three buildings to determine the permanence of the previous principles in the brutalist architecture built in Lima from 1965 to 1980 and find a technical basis for its construction. The buildings to be analyzed are the Civic Center of Lima, the Petroperu Building and the former Ministry of Fisheries. Finally, the relevance of brutalist architecture is verified from its construction procedures and its structures, however, not from its energy efficiency.
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Arquitectura--Perú--Historia--Siglo XX, Brutalismo (Arquitectura)--Perú--Lima Metropolitana
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