Diseño con geosintéticos para la función de separación, filtración y refuerzo en pavimentos flexibles
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2018-03-26
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El presente trabajo consistió en el diseño, análisis técnico y económico del uso de
geosintéticos para tres funciones en particular en pavimentos flexibles. Primero, se
evaluó la aplicación de un geotextil no tejido punzonado de separación entre el
material granular y el suelo de fundación. Luego, se analizó la aplicación de un
geotextil no tejido punzonado como envoltura de subdrenes longitudinales cumpliendo
la función de filtración. Por último, se evaluó la aplicación de una geomalla triaxial de
refuerzo para la optimización del pavimento en estudio.
Para la función de separación, el diseño realizado se basó en la norma AASHTO
M288-96 y en libro “Designing with Geosynthetics” del Dr. Koerner. Mediante este
procedimiento se determinó que el geotextil a especificar para el presente caso de
estudio sería el geotextil comercial GT320P. El análisis técnico por su parte, se centró
en la comparación del número de ejes equivalentes calculados para dos diseños. Por
un lado, un pavimento que mantenga los espesores efectivos de capa, gracias al uso de
un geotextil separador y otro con menor espesor efectivo de material granular debido
a la mezcla parcial de este con el suelo de la subrasante. Mediante este análisis, se
pudo concluir que una contaminación de subbase de sólo 0.5 pulgadas conllevaría a
una reducción de más de 10% de serviciabilidad del pavimento en todos los tramos.
En cuanto al análisis económico, se comparó el costo de los materiales de dos
soluciones para el problema técnico presentado. Una opción consistió en un pavimento
que emplee un espesor de material granular adicional llamado “espesor de sacrificio”
que asegure la serviciabilidad del pavimento a largo plazo. La otra opción consistió en
emplear el diseño convencional inicial, pero añadiendo el geotextil especificado. De
este análisis, se determinó que para un espesor de sacrificio mayor a 1 pulgada el uso
de un geotextil resultaría más rentable en lugar de emplear un espesor de sacrificio.
En cuanto a la función de filtración, el diseño realizado se basó en la norma AASHTO
M288-96, en la guía de la FHWA, en el manual de hidrología del MTC y en el libro
“Designing with Geosynthetics” del Dr. Koerner. De esta forma, se determinó que el
geotextil a especificar para esta función sería el geotextil comercial GT240. El análisis
técnico consistió en comparar el tráfico soportado por un pavimento sin sistema de
subdrenaje longitudinal respecto a uno que si lo incluyera en el diseño. Para esto, se
redujo el coeficiente de drenaje del pavimento inicial para simular su comportamiento sin subdrenes. Se observó que una reducción de 0.1 del coeficiente de permeabilidad
disminuiría cerca de un 30% la serviciabilidad del pavimento. Lo cual justificaría el
uso de geotextil para esta función. El análisis económico se enfocó en comparar estos
diseños respecto a un tiempo de vida estimado. Se concluyó que aquellos pavimentos
sin subdrenaje con un tiempo de vida real menor a 6 años serían menos rentables que
emplear sistemas de subdrenaje con geotextil.
Finalmente, para la función de refuerzo, el diseño preliminar se basó en la norma
AASHTO R-50 y se empleó el programa de la empresa TENSAR para efectuar el
diseño definitivo correspondiente a la geomalla TX160 para optimización del
pavimento. El análisis técnico consistió en comparar de forma porcentual la variación
de serviciabilidad entre el diseño con geomalla y el diseño convencional. En este caso,
el uso de geomalla aumentó en más de 20% la serviciabilidad del pavimento del sector
3 al 6 aun así tratándose de una optimización de pavimento. Para el sector 1 y 2 se
logró superar la serviciabilidad del diseño convencional, pero no significativamente.
Luego, mediante el análisis económico se comparó el costo de los materiales de ambos
diseños. De esta forma, se determinó que el diseño con geomalla generó un ahorro de
más de 10 % respecto al diseño inicial.
Para los temas tratados, se desarrolló un programa en Visual Studio en el lenguaje de
programación Visual Basic el cual facilitó el diseño y análisis. Además, se realizaron
especificaciones técnicas y planos para las tres aplicaciones del material geosintético
los cuales forman parte de la información a entregar al momento de realizar un
proyecto.
The following research examines the use of geosynthetics in flexible pavements on three functions. The methods used to examine these include an overview of the design analysis, technical analysis and economic analysis of the use of geosynthetics. The approach used for this research required an evaluation of the following: first, the application of a non-woven needle-punched geotextile between the granular material and the foundation soil; second, the application of a non-woven needle-punched geotextile as a wrap of longitudinal sub-rows fulfilling the function of filtration. Third, the application of a triaxial reinforcement geogrid for the optimization of the pavement. For the separation function, the design was based on the AASHTO M288-96 standard and on the book "Designing with Geosynthetics" by Dr. Koerner. Through this procedure it was determined that the geotextile to be specified for the present case study would be the commercial geotextile GT320P. The technical analysis focused on the comparison of the number of equivalent axes that can support two pavements in particular. On one hand, a design that maintains effective layer thicknesses, thanks to the use of a separating geotextile. On the other hand, a pavement with less effective thickness of granular material due to the contamination of this with the soil of the subgrade. Through this analysis, it was observed that a subbase contamination of only 0.5 inches, would lead to a reduction of more than 10% of pavement serviceability in all sections. In regard to the economic analysis, the cost of the materials of two solutions was compared for the technical problem presented. One of these options consisted of a pavement that uses sacrificial thicknesses that assure the pavement's long-term serviceability. The other option consisted of evaluating the initial conventional design by adding the specified geotextile. Through this analysis it was determined that for a sacrificial thickness greater than 1 inch, the use of a geotextile would be more profitable instead. Regarding the filtration function, the design was based on the AASHTO M288-96 standard, the FHWA guide, the MTC hydrology manual and the book "Designing with Geosynthetics" by Dr. Koerner. In this way, it was determined that the geotextile specified for this function would be the commercial geotextile GT240. The technical analysis consisted in comparing the traffic supported by a pavement without longitudinal subdrain system to one that includes it in the design. For this, the initial pavement drainage coefficient was reduced to simulate the behavior of this without sub-arrays. From this analysis it was observed that a reduction of 0.1 of the permeability coefficient would reduce the pavement's serviceability by about 30%. Which would justify the use of geotextile for this function. The economic analysis focused on comparing these designs with respect to an estimated life time. It was observed that those pavements without subdrainage with a real life time lower than 6 years would be less profitable than using systems of geotextile subdrainage. Finally, for the reinforcement function, the preliminary design was based on the AASHTO R-50 standard and the program of the company TENSAR was used to carry out the final design corresponding to the TX160 geogrid for pavement optimization. The technical analysis consisted in comparing in a percentage way the variation of serviceability between the design with geogrid and the conventional design. In this case, the use of geogrid increased by more than 20% the pavement's serviceability from sector 3 to sector 6, even in the case of pavement optimization. For sector 1 and 2, the serviceability of conventional design was overcome, but not significantly. Then, through the economic analysis, the cost of the materials of both designs was compared. In this way, it was determined that the design with geogrid generated a saving of more than 10% compared to the initial design. For the topics discussed, a program was developed in Visual Studio in the programming language Visual Basic which facilitated the design and analysis. In addition, technical specifications and plans were made for the three applications of the geosynthetic material which are part of the information to be delivered at the time of carrying out a project.
The following research examines the use of geosynthetics in flexible pavements on three functions. The methods used to examine these include an overview of the design analysis, technical analysis and economic analysis of the use of geosynthetics. The approach used for this research required an evaluation of the following: first, the application of a non-woven needle-punched geotextile between the granular material and the foundation soil; second, the application of a non-woven needle-punched geotextile as a wrap of longitudinal sub-rows fulfilling the function of filtration. Third, the application of a triaxial reinforcement geogrid for the optimization of the pavement. For the separation function, the design was based on the AASHTO M288-96 standard and on the book "Designing with Geosynthetics" by Dr. Koerner. Through this procedure it was determined that the geotextile to be specified for the present case study would be the commercial geotextile GT320P. The technical analysis focused on the comparison of the number of equivalent axes that can support two pavements in particular. On one hand, a design that maintains effective layer thicknesses, thanks to the use of a separating geotextile. On the other hand, a pavement with less effective thickness of granular material due to the contamination of this with the soil of the subgrade. Through this analysis, it was observed that a subbase contamination of only 0.5 inches, would lead to a reduction of more than 10% of pavement serviceability in all sections. In regard to the economic analysis, the cost of the materials of two solutions was compared for the technical problem presented. One of these options consisted of a pavement that uses sacrificial thicknesses that assure the pavement's long-term serviceability. The other option consisted of evaluating the initial conventional design by adding the specified geotextile. Through this analysis it was determined that for a sacrificial thickness greater than 1 inch, the use of a geotextile would be more profitable instead. Regarding the filtration function, the design was based on the AASHTO M288-96 standard, the FHWA guide, the MTC hydrology manual and the book "Designing with Geosynthetics" by Dr. Koerner. In this way, it was determined that the geotextile specified for this function would be the commercial geotextile GT240. The technical analysis consisted in comparing the traffic supported by a pavement without longitudinal subdrain system to one that includes it in the design. For this, the initial pavement drainage coefficient was reduced to simulate the behavior of this without sub-arrays. From this analysis it was observed that a reduction of 0.1 of the permeability coefficient would reduce the pavement's serviceability by about 30%. Which would justify the use of geotextile for this function. The economic analysis focused on comparing these designs with respect to an estimated life time. It was observed that those pavements without subdrainage with a real life time lower than 6 years would be less profitable than using systems of geotextile subdrainage. Finally, for the reinforcement function, the preliminary design was based on the AASHTO R-50 standard and the program of the company TENSAR was used to carry out the final design corresponding to the TX160 geogrid for pavement optimization. The technical analysis consisted in comparing in a percentage way the variation of serviceability between the design with geogrid and the conventional design. In this case, the use of geogrid increased by more than 20% the pavement's serviceability from sector 3 to sector 6, even in the case of pavement optimization. For sector 1 and 2, the serviceability of conventional design was overcome, but not significantly. Then, through the economic analysis, the cost of the materials of both designs was compared. In this way, it was determined that the design with geogrid generated a saving of more than 10% compared to the initial design. For the topics discussed, a program was developed in Visual Studio in the programming language Visual Basic which facilitated the design and analysis. In addition, technical specifications and plans were made for the three applications of the geosynthetic material which are part of the information to be delivered at the time of carrying out a project.
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Geosintéticos, Pavimentos--Diseño y construcción
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