Estudio de la evolución iconográfica y estilística de las esclavinas bordadas en alto relieve del taller de bordadura Fabián, en el distrito de Sapallanga, provincia de Huancayo (1930 – 2016)
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2018-11-08
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Los Negritos de Garibaldi es una danza que se realiza en honor a la Virgen de Cocharcas
en el distrito de Sapallanga en Huancayo y es una forma de recordar la liberación de los
esclavos negros en el Perú, su traje distintivo de marineros, recuerdan al héroe italiano
Giuseppe Garibaldi que fue conocido por su oposición firme a la esclavitud. En las
esclavinas que portan los danzantes permiten que el artista bordador pueda plasmar no
solo un recuerdo histórico de héroes pasados, sino que a la vez se convierten en un
testimonio de un hecho histórico del presente.
Una constante vemos en los bordados, la imagen del militar, del luchador que defiende
del enemigo, que lucha por ideales patrióticos, del que cuida y protege. Y los bailarines
utilizan estos bordados para honrar a la Virgen de Cocharcas, la madre protectora, dadora
de vida y que ha de proveer del cuidado y valor que el luchador necesita para enfrentarse
en batalla.
El Taller Fabián, a lo largo de tres generaciones de artistas bordadores, han logrado
plasmar estos ideales, mediante una elaborada técnica del bordado en alto relieve, que
combina iconografía con antepasados virreinales representado en las flores y animales,
con referentes visuales de héroes como Simón Bolívar, Ramón Castilla o Andrés Avelino
Cáceres o personajes más cercanos históricamente como Velasco, Odría, o incluso, Fidel
Castro, que a ha ido evolucionando con el paso del tiempo y que hasta ahora sigue
sufriendo cambios debido la incursión de nuevos materiales y de competencias
industriales, pero manteniendo una estética creativa que se muestran en la adaptación de
los referentes visuales.
Para encontrar las soluciones técnicas y estéticas que realiza el taller Fabían es necesario
conocer que hicieron otros talleres, para lo cual se realizó una búsqueda de colecciones
privadas que han almacenado estas esclavinas, incluso se encontraron piezas en
colecciones extranjeras.
Es la creatividad que se muestran en los bordados lo que hace que puedan llamarse arte
popular diferenciándose de la artesanía, término utilizado frecuentemente para
diferenciarse de aquellos objetos productos que se venden de manera masiva y tienen una
finalidad de ‘souvenirs’.
El bordado popular demuestra que es un arte vivo y no una mera repetición de patrones,
y que se vuelve un lienzo en el cual se conjuga la técnica, un gran estudio de los referentes
visuales y los saberes pasados de generación en generación, de esta manera el artista
muestra su devoción a la Virgen y a la vez busca la apreciación y reconocimiento de los
bailarines y espectadores.
Los Negritos de Garibaldi is a dance performed in honor of the Virgin of Cocharcas in the district of Sapallanga in Huancayo and is a way to remember the liberation of black slaves in Peru, their distinctive costume of sailors, reminiscent of the Italian hero Giuseppe Garibaldi who was known for his firm opposition to slavery. In the short cloaks that the dancers carry, they allow the embroiderer artist to capture not only a historical memory of past heroes, but at the same time they become a testimony of a historical fact of the present. We can see a constant in the embroidery, the image of the military man, of the fighter who defends from the enemy, who fights for patriotic ideals, of the one who cares for and protects. And the dancers use these embroideries to honor the Virgin of Cocharcas, the protective mother, giver of life and who must provide the care and courage that the fighter needs to face in battle. The Fabian workshop, along three generations of embroidery artists, have managed to capture these ideals, through an elaborate embroidery technique in high relief, combining iconography with virreinal ancestors represented in flowers and animals, with visual references of heroes like Simon Bolívar, Ramón Castilla or Andrés Avelino Cáceres or historically closer personages like Velasco, Odría, or even, Fidel Castro, that has been evolving with the passage of time and that until now continues undergoing changes due to the incursion of new materials and competencies industrial, but maintaining a creative aesthetic that is shown in the adaptation of the visual referents. In order to find the technical and aesthetic solutions that the Fabian workshop carries out, it is necessary to know what other workshops were done, for which a search was made of private collections that have stored these short cloaks, even pieces were found in foreign collections. It is the creativity that is shown in the embroidery which makes it popular art, differentiating itself from crafts, a term frequently used to differentiate from those objects that are mass-produced and have a purpose of 'souvenirs'. Popular embroidery shows that it is a living art and not a mere repetition of patterns, and that it becomes a canvas in which technique is combined, a great study of visual referents and past knowledge from generation to generation, in this way the artist shows his devotion to the Virgin and at the same time seeks the appreciation and recognition of the dancers and spectators.
Los Negritos de Garibaldi is a dance performed in honor of the Virgin of Cocharcas in the district of Sapallanga in Huancayo and is a way to remember the liberation of black slaves in Peru, their distinctive costume of sailors, reminiscent of the Italian hero Giuseppe Garibaldi who was known for his firm opposition to slavery. In the short cloaks that the dancers carry, they allow the embroiderer artist to capture not only a historical memory of past heroes, but at the same time they become a testimony of a historical fact of the present. We can see a constant in the embroidery, the image of the military man, of the fighter who defends from the enemy, who fights for patriotic ideals, of the one who cares for and protects. And the dancers use these embroideries to honor the Virgin of Cocharcas, the protective mother, giver of life and who must provide the care and courage that the fighter needs to face in battle. The Fabian workshop, along three generations of embroidery artists, have managed to capture these ideals, through an elaborate embroidery technique in high relief, combining iconography with virreinal ancestors represented in flowers and animals, with visual references of heroes like Simon Bolívar, Ramón Castilla or Andrés Avelino Cáceres or historically closer personages like Velasco, Odría, or even, Fidel Castro, that has been evolving with the passage of time and that until now continues undergoing changes due to the incursion of new materials and competencies industrial, but maintaining a creative aesthetic that is shown in the adaptation of the visual referents. In order to find the technical and aesthetic solutions that the Fabian workshop carries out, it is necessary to know what other workshops were done, for which a search was made of private collections that have stored these short cloaks, even pieces were found in foreign collections. It is the creativity that is shown in the embroidery which makes it popular art, differentiating itself from crafts, a term frequently used to differentiate from those objects that are mass-produced and have a purpose of 'souvenirs'. Popular embroidery shows that it is a living art and not a mere repetition of patterns, and that it becomes a canvas in which technique is combined, a great study of visual referents and past knowledge from generation to generation, in this way the artist shows his devotion to the Virgin and at the same time seeks the appreciation and recognition of the dancers and spectators.
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Bordado--Perú, Arte popular--Perú--Huancayo, Iconografía--Perú--Huancayo
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