Síntesis de hidrogeles con derivado de quitosana y caracterización de sus propiedades fisicoquímicas y mecánicas
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2019-09-16
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue la síntesis de hidrogeles de poliacrilamida e hidrogeles de poli(acrilamida-co-ácido acrílico) ambos con entrecruzamiento con N, N´- bismetilenacrilamida (MBAm) y derivado de quitosana (DCHI). Este último fue obtenido a partir del uso de clorhidrato de 1-etil-3- (3-dimetilaminopropil) carbodiimida como agente de acoplamiento para enlazar el ácido acrílico a la quitosana. Los hidrogeles fueron estudiados mediante técnicas de caracterización de microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM), calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC), ensayos mecánicos de compresión, de reología oscilatoria, así como la velocidad de hinchamiento o absorción de agua. Además, se evaluó las diferencias entre el agente de entrecruzamiento MBAm y el derivado de quitosana en una matriz de poliacrilamida, y sus efectos sobre las propiedades finales de los hidrogeles. Las micrografías SEM obtenidas de los cortes transversales de los hidrogeles liofilizados permitieron observar las estructuras internas con poros interconectados, la forma y tamaño que tienen dichos poros, y su dependencia en función del tipo de formulación. La influencia del tipo de microestructura de cada hidrogel se vio reflejada en su capacidad de hinchamiento en agua. La capacidad de hinchamiento mínima fue de 2300 % y la más alta fue de 6800 % de agua absorbida. Los hidrogeles sometidos a ensayos de compresión, permitieron obtener curvas de esfuerzo – deformación, de donde se determinó los valores del módulo elástico, siendo el valor mínimo alcanzado de 0,068 MPa y el máximo de 0,23 MPa. Los ensayos de reología se pudo determinar el rango de viscoelasticidad lineal, el módulo elástico (G´) y viscoso (G´´), teniendo como comportamiento elástico predominante para todos los hidrogeles (G´ > G´´). Además, de los ensayos oscilatorios en función de la frecuencia, se determinó la densidad de entrecruzamiento teórico usando la teoría de elasticidad del caucho. Finalmente, se pudo concluir que, al aumentar la densidad de entrecruzamiento, las propiedades mecánicas y reológicas de los hidrogeles también aumentan. Sin embargo, la capacidad de hinchamiento en agua disminuye. Además, los hidrogeles derivados de quitosana tuvieron mejores propiedades en comparación a los hidrogeles basados en poliacrilamida.
The main objective of this thesis was to synthesize crosslinked polyacrylamide hydrogels and poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) hydrogels, both with N,N´-methylene-bisacrylamide (MBAm) and chitosan derivative (DCHI). This DCHI was prepared by using N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide as a coupling agent in order to graft acrylic acid into the structure of chitosan. The synthesized hydrogels were characterized using different techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), compression mechanical analysis, oscillatory rheology, as well as the degree of swelling in water. Moreover, the effect on the final properties of the hydrogels due to the crosslinking agent, MBAm and DCHI, and the interactions were evaluated. SEM micrographs obtained from the cross sections of the lyophilized hydrogels depicted the internal structures with interconnected micropores for all samples. Pore´s shape and size depend on the specific formulation for each hydrogel. In addition, the variability in the microstructure of the synthesized hydrogels had an effect on the swelling properties. The minimum value was 2300 % and the maximum was 6800%. The mechanical behaviour of hydrogels depicted elastic modulus between 0,068 and 0,23 MPa. Rheological studies showed hydrogels form stable viscoelastic solid gels and display a predominant elastic behaviour (G´>G´´). Also, it was possible to determine the linear viscoelastic regions for all hydrogels from stress sweep tests. Frequency sweep tests showed that the storage modulus G´ had a constant value for each type of hydrogel. The theoretical crosslink density was calculated using the rubber elasticity theory and the storage modulus from the frequency sweep tests. Finally, with the increase of crosslinking density in the structure, there was an improvement of the mechanical and rheological properties of the hydrogels. However, the swelling properties decrease. Furthermore, chitosan derived hydrogels had better properties compared to polyacrylamide-based hydrogels.
The main objective of this thesis was to synthesize crosslinked polyacrylamide hydrogels and poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) hydrogels, both with N,N´-methylene-bisacrylamide (MBAm) and chitosan derivative (DCHI). This DCHI was prepared by using N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide as a coupling agent in order to graft acrylic acid into the structure of chitosan. The synthesized hydrogels were characterized using different techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), compression mechanical analysis, oscillatory rheology, as well as the degree of swelling in water. Moreover, the effect on the final properties of the hydrogels due to the crosslinking agent, MBAm and DCHI, and the interactions were evaluated. SEM micrographs obtained from the cross sections of the lyophilized hydrogels depicted the internal structures with interconnected micropores for all samples. Pore´s shape and size depend on the specific formulation for each hydrogel. In addition, the variability in the microstructure of the synthesized hydrogels had an effect on the swelling properties. The minimum value was 2300 % and the maximum was 6800%. The mechanical behaviour of hydrogels depicted elastic modulus between 0,068 and 0,23 MPa. Rheological studies showed hydrogels form stable viscoelastic solid gels and display a predominant elastic behaviour (G´>G´´). Also, it was possible to determine the linear viscoelastic regions for all hydrogels from stress sweep tests. Frequency sweep tests showed that the storage modulus G´ had a constant value for each type of hydrogel. The theoretical crosslink density was calculated using the rubber elasticity theory and the storage modulus from the frequency sweep tests. Finally, with the increase of crosslinking density in the structure, there was an improvement of the mechanical and rheological properties of the hydrogels. However, the swelling properties decrease. Furthermore, chitosan derived hydrogels had better properties compared to polyacrylamide-based hydrogels.
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Materiales--Propiedades químicas, Materiales--Propiedades físicas y mecánicas, Quitosana
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