Elementos tóxicos en aguas y sedimentos de dos fuentes termales en la región Ayacucho: As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Al y Fe
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2023-12-05
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Las fuentes termales Pachapupum y Cceronta se ubican en la región de Ayacucho. Pachapupum es una formación concéntrica de material calcáreo, ubicada en la provincia de Huanca Sancos, y las fuentes termales se formaron naturalmente. Las aguas termales de Cceronta son un atractivo turístico abandonado, ubicado en el distrito y provincia de Lucanas. Los pobladores locales y los visitantes suelen aprovechar estas fuentes termales como balneario y se aplican emplastos de lodo, una práctica tradicional pero que representa un peligro latente relacionado a la exposición a elementos tóxicos tales como As, Hg, Cd y Pb, comunes en ese tipo de ambientes. Independientemente de la vía de absorción, pueden conllevar a problemas de salud debido a la imposibilidad del cuerpo humano de metabolizar elevadas concentraciones de dichos elementos químicos. Bajo las condiciones existentes en ambas fuentes termales y buscando contribuir con el bienestar de la población ayacuchana, se analizaron los niveles de As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Al y Fe ambientalmente disponibles en agua y sedimento por espectrometría de absorción atómica (AAS), tanto por el método de llamas (Pb, Cd, Al y Fe) como por el método de generación de hidruros (As y Hg). Se implementó el método de extracción ácida para las muestras de sedimentos. Se buscó determinar si los niveles de dichos elementos en las pozas termales implican un potencial riesgo para la salud de los usuarios de estos recursos naturales. Asimismo, se dispone a entregar esta información química a los pobladores de ambas localidades para que puedan considerar una mejor gestión sobre el uso de las termas por los bañistas. De los resultados obtenidos, aquel de mayor relevancia fue la elevada concentración de arsénico en ambas fuentes termales. La más contaminada es Cceronta con concentración de 4,185 ± 0,056 mg As/L de agua y 252,130 ± 4,498 mg As/kg de sedimento seco, mientras que para Pachapupum se determinó una concentración de 0,890 ± 0,012 mg As/L de agua y 273,552 ± 4,693 mg As/kg de sedimento seco. Estos valores superan los estándares establecidos por la ATSDR ya que a partir de valores de 0,014 mg As/kg se reportan problemas cardiovasculares y hepáticos, por lo que se recomienda a las autoridades encargadas de la localidad implementar un sistema de gestión, estableciendo el tiempo y la frecuencia del contacto de los usuarios con el agua y el sedimento de las fuentes termales con la finalidad de evitar peligros a la salud de las personas que hacen uso de las fuentes termales. En cuanto a los niveles de Pb, se detectaron niveles superiores a los estándares nacionales de calidad ambiental para agua (Decreto Supremo N° 004-2017-MINAM) en las aguas termales de Pachapupum (0,127 ± 0,005 mg/L), mientras que en Cceronta los valores estuvieron por debajo de los límites de detección y estándares nacionales (<0,048 mg/L). Se detectó niveles elevados de mercurio en el sedimento de Cceronta (0,698 ± 0,021 mg/kg de sedimento seco) según el marco legal canadiense, normativa que se toma como referencia debido a los niveles más estrictos que expresa en comparación con otras normativas internacionales y por su especificidad respecto a los efectos límites y efectos probables. Se encontraron concentraciones de cadmio por debajo de los límites de detección en las aguas termales de Pachapupum (<0,032 mg/L) y Cceronta (<0,032 mg/L). En cuanto a los niveles en el sedimento, tanto de Pachapupum (4,052 ± 0,058 mg/kg) como de Cceronta (1,828 ± 0,045 mg/kg de sedimento seco), sugieren la posibilidad de efectos adversos según la normativa de calidad de Canadá. Por último, se detectaron niveles muy elevados de Fe y Al tanto en Pachapupum como en Cceronta, siendo las concentraciones superiores en la matriz de sedimento, lo cual se explica por la misma geología del terreno. En Cceronta se detectaron 1701,096 ± 6,385 mg/kg de sedimento seco de Fe y 1052,015 ± 32,890 mg/kg de Al en el sedimento seco, mientras que en Pachapupum se detectaron 5249,216 ± 14,199 mg/kg de Fe y 5612,616 ± 130,405 mg/kg de Al en el sedimento seco. A partir de los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación, se recomienda no emplear para uso recreativo, y menos aún para ingesta, los recursos de las fuentes termales estudiadas debido a los niveles elevados de arsénico.
The Pachapupum and Cceronta hot springs are located in the Ayacucho region. Pachapupum is a concentric formation of calcareous material, located in the province of Huanca Sancos, and the hot springs were formed naturally. The Cceronta hot springs are an abandoned tourist attraction, located in the district and province of Lucanas. Local residents and visitors often take advantage of these hot springs as a spa and apply mud plasters, a traditional practice that represents a latent danger related to exposure to toxic elements such as As, Hg, Cd and Pb, common in this type of environments. Regardless of the route of absorption, they can lead to health problems due to the inability of the human body to metabolize high concentrations of these chemical elements. Under the existing conditions in both hot springs and seeking to contribute to the wellbeing of the Ayacucho population, the levels of As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Al and Fe environmentally available in water and sediment were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), both by the flame method (Pb, Cd, Al and Fe) and by the hydride generation method (As and Hg). The acid extraction method was implemented for the sediment samples. It was sought to determine if the levels of these elements in the thermal pools imply a potential risk to the health of the users of these natural resources. Likewise, it is expected to deliver this chemical information to the residents of both towns so that they can consider a better management of the use of the hot springs by bathers. From the results obtained, the most relevant finding was the high concentration of arsenic in both hot springs. The most contaminated one is Cceronta, with a concentration of 4,185 ± 0,056 mg As/L of water and 252,130 ± 4,498 mg As/kg of dry sediment, whereas for Pachapupum, a concentration of 0,890 ± 0,012 mg As/L of water and 273,552 ± 4,693 mg As/kg of dry sediment was determined. These values exceed the standards established by ATSDR, as cardiovascular and hepatic problems are reported from values of 0,014 mg As/kg. Hence, it is recommended that the local authorities responsible implement a management system, establishing the duration and frequency of users' contact with the water and sediment of the hot springs to prevent health hazards for those using them. Regarding Pb levels, higher levels than the national environmental quality standards for water (Supreme Decree No. 004-2017-MINAM) were detected in the Pachapupum hot spring waters (0,127 ± 0,005 mg/L), whereas in Cceronta, values were below detection limits and national standards (<0,048 mg/L). Elevated levels of mercury were detected in Cceronta's sediment (0,698 ± 0,021 mg/kg) according to Canadian legal framework, which is used as a reference due to its stricter levels compared to other international standards and its specificity regarding limit effects and probable effects. Cadmium concentrations were found below detection limits in both Pachapupum (<0,032 mg/L) and Cceronta (<0,032 mg/L) hot spring waters. Concerning sediment levels, both in Pachapupum (4,052 ± 0,058 mg/kg) and Cceronta (1,828 ± 0,045 mg/kg), they suggest the possibility of adverse effects according to Canadian quality standards. Lastly, very high levels of Fe and Al were detected in both Pachapupum and Cceronta, with higher concentrations in the sediment matrix, explained by the terrain's geology. In Cceronta, 1701,096 ± 6,385 mg/kg of Fe and 1052,015 ± 32,890 mg/kg of Al were detected in the sediment, whereas in Pachapupum, 5249,216 ± 14,199 mg/kg of Fe and 5612,616 ± 130,405 mg/kg of Al were detected in the sediment. Based on the results obtained in this research, it is recommended not to use these water resources for recreational use, and even less for ingestion, especially due to the high levels of arsenic which can generate problems to the user’s health, such as skin, respiratory and digestive conditions.
The Pachapupum and Cceronta hot springs are located in the Ayacucho region. Pachapupum is a concentric formation of calcareous material, located in the province of Huanca Sancos, and the hot springs were formed naturally. The Cceronta hot springs are an abandoned tourist attraction, located in the district and province of Lucanas. Local residents and visitors often take advantage of these hot springs as a spa and apply mud plasters, a traditional practice that represents a latent danger related to exposure to toxic elements such as As, Hg, Cd and Pb, common in this type of environments. Regardless of the route of absorption, they can lead to health problems due to the inability of the human body to metabolize high concentrations of these chemical elements. Under the existing conditions in both hot springs and seeking to contribute to the wellbeing of the Ayacucho population, the levels of As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Al and Fe environmentally available in water and sediment were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), both by the flame method (Pb, Cd, Al and Fe) and by the hydride generation method (As and Hg). The acid extraction method was implemented for the sediment samples. It was sought to determine if the levels of these elements in the thermal pools imply a potential risk to the health of the users of these natural resources. Likewise, it is expected to deliver this chemical information to the residents of both towns so that they can consider a better management of the use of the hot springs by bathers. From the results obtained, the most relevant finding was the high concentration of arsenic in both hot springs. The most contaminated one is Cceronta, with a concentration of 4,185 ± 0,056 mg As/L of water and 252,130 ± 4,498 mg As/kg of dry sediment, whereas for Pachapupum, a concentration of 0,890 ± 0,012 mg As/L of water and 273,552 ± 4,693 mg As/kg of dry sediment was determined. These values exceed the standards established by ATSDR, as cardiovascular and hepatic problems are reported from values of 0,014 mg As/kg. Hence, it is recommended that the local authorities responsible implement a management system, establishing the duration and frequency of users' contact with the water and sediment of the hot springs to prevent health hazards for those using them. Regarding Pb levels, higher levels than the national environmental quality standards for water (Supreme Decree No. 004-2017-MINAM) were detected in the Pachapupum hot spring waters (0,127 ± 0,005 mg/L), whereas in Cceronta, values were below detection limits and national standards (<0,048 mg/L). Elevated levels of mercury were detected in Cceronta's sediment (0,698 ± 0,021 mg/kg) according to Canadian legal framework, which is used as a reference due to its stricter levels compared to other international standards and its specificity regarding limit effects and probable effects. Cadmium concentrations were found below detection limits in both Pachapupum (<0,032 mg/L) and Cceronta (<0,032 mg/L) hot spring waters. Concerning sediment levels, both in Pachapupum (4,052 ± 0,058 mg/kg) and Cceronta (1,828 ± 0,045 mg/kg), they suggest the possibility of adverse effects according to Canadian quality standards. Lastly, very high levels of Fe and Al were detected in both Pachapupum and Cceronta, with higher concentrations in the sediment matrix, explained by the terrain's geology. In Cceronta, 1701,096 ± 6,385 mg/kg of Fe and 1052,015 ± 32,890 mg/kg of Al were detected in the sediment, whereas in Pachapupum, 5249,216 ± 14,199 mg/kg of Fe and 5612,616 ± 130,405 mg/kg of Al were detected in the sediment. Based on the results obtained in this research, it is recommended not to use these water resources for recreational use, and even less for ingestion, especially due to the high levels of arsenic which can generate problems to the user’s health, such as skin, respiratory and digestive conditions.
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Elementos químicos--Aspectos abientales, Agua--Aspectos ambientales, Agua--Contaminación--Perú--Ayacucho
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