Desarrollo de un proceso de manufactura para obtener micro- y nano-objetos a partir de polímeros naturales para potenciales aplicaciones en sistemas de liberación controlada de medicamentos
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2023-11-06
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Los biopolímeros se han convertido en materiales de suma importancia para el desarrollo de nuevos materiales tecnológicos, y han captado la atención de científicos e inversores. Especialmente en el rubro farmacéutico, los biopolímeros han encontrado aplicación en el desarrollo de excipientes para el transporte y liberación de sustancias activas (DDS), incluso llegando a manipulaciones a nivel microscópico y/o nanoscópico. El objetivo de la presente investigación es desarrollar sistemas de transporte y liberación de fármacos a partir de micro- y nanopartículas de almidón y carragenina.
El desarrollo de micropartículas y nanopartículas se realizó empleando dos métodos. Para elaborar micro/nanogeles de carragenina se empleó el método de microemulsión asistido por ultrasonido. Para ello, se aprovechó la cualidad de la carragenina de formar geles en presencia de KCl. En la elaboración de nanopartículas de almidón se empleó la técnica de nanoprecipitación, empleando reacciones de entrecruzamiento con un aditivo tripolifosfato. En ambos casos, se empleó enrofloxacina (ENX) como fármaco y la adición de fármaco se realizó junto con el surfactante Tween®80 en solución gracias a que la ENX tiene carácter liposoluble. Tras la elaboración, todos los sistemas se caracterizaron con diversas pruebas morfológicas, estructurales y térmicas, así como se estudió la capacidad de encapsulamiento y liberación de fármaco de los sistemas.
Los sistemas de micro/nanogeles de carragenina cargados con ENX lograron tamaños de entre 178 y 274 nm, mientras que el diámetro hidrodinámico estuvo entre 986 y 1555 nm, con formación de suspensiones estables. Además, se demostró que la cantidad y la tasa de liberación de ENX se encuentra influenciada por la concentración de Tween®80 empleado durante la preparación. Similarmente, se obtuvieron nanopartículas de almidón cargadas con ENX, cuyos tamaños variaron ente 60 y 240 nm, aunque no se apreció capacidad de hinchamiento ni formación de suspensiones estables. Para todos los sistemas, se evidenció que la liberación de ENX se encuentra dominada por fenómenos difusivos fickianos, y pueden controlarse según la cantidad de surfactante empleado en la formulación. En conclusión, los resultados indican que las partículas de carragenina y almidón podrían ser consideradas buenas alternativas para la elaboración de excipientes y otras aplicaciones biomédicas por la facilidad de preparación y la posibilidad de controlar la cinética de liberación de fármacos y sustancias activas. Adicionalmente, los micro- y nano-objetos producidos partir de polímeros naturales tienen aplicaciones potenciales en sistemas de dosificación inteligentes, especialmente aquellos que puedan ser controlados por estímulos (eléctricos o mecánicos) dentro de nuevos dispositivos electrónicos, como los TENGs.
Biopolymers have gained attention between scientists and investors due to the feasibility to elaborate novel engineered materials. Specially in the pharmaceutical industry, biopolymers have been used to elaborate novel excipients for the drug delivery systems (DDS), designed at microscopic and nanoscopic level. The main objective of the present research is to develop drug delivery systems supported in micro/nano particles from starch and carrageenan In order to develop microparticles and nanoparticles, two methods were considered. For the elaboration of micro/nanogels from carrageenan, a microemulsion method assisted by sonication was used. In this case, the method uses the gel-forming property of carrageenan in presence of KCl. For the elaboration of starch nanoparticles, the nanoprecipitation method was utilized by using starch from native potatoes and tripolyphosphate as cross-linking agent in alkaline medium. In both cases, enrofloxacin (ENX) was used as a drug model and ENX was loaded by using surfactant Tween®80 solutions. ENX is a liposoluble drug that can be dissolved in polysorbate solutions. Starch and carrageenan systems were characterized by morphological studies, structural and thermal tests. In addition, encapsulation studies and in vitro release tests were performed. ENX-loaded carrageenan micro/nanogel systems achieved sizes between 178 and 274 nm, while the hydrodynamic diameter was 986 nm - 1555 nm, with the capacity of forming stable suspensions. Moreover, it was shown that the amount and release rate of ENX are influenced by the concentration of Tween®80 used during the preparation. Similarly, starch nanoparticles loaded with ENX were obtained, whose sizes ranged between 60 and 240 nm, although no swelling capacity nor formation of stable suspensions was observed. For all the systems, it was shown that the release of ENX is dominated by Fickian diffusive phenomena, and can be controlled according to the amount of surfactant used in the formulation. In conclusion, the results indicate that carrageenan and starch particles could be considered good alternatives for the preparation of excipients and other biomedical applications due to their ease of preparation and the possibility of controlling the release kinetics of active substances. Additionally, micro- and nano-objects produced from natural polymers have potential applications in smart DDS, especially those that can be controlled by stimuli (electrical or mechanical) in new electronic devices, such as TENGs.
Biopolymers have gained attention between scientists and investors due to the feasibility to elaborate novel engineered materials. Specially in the pharmaceutical industry, biopolymers have been used to elaborate novel excipients for the drug delivery systems (DDS), designed at microscopic and nanoscopic level. The main objective of the present research is to develop drug delivery systems supported in micro/nano particles from starch and carrageenan In order to develop microparticles and nanoparticles, two methods were considered. For the elaboration of micro/nanogels from carrageenan, a microemulsion method assisted by sonication was used. In this case, the method uses the gel-forming property of carrageenan in presence of KCl. For the elaboration of starch nanoparticles, the nanoprecipitation method was utilized by using starch from native potatoes and tripolyphosphate as cross-linking agent in alkaline medium. In both cases, enrofloxacin (ENX) was used as a drug model and ENX was loaded by using surfactant Tween®80 solutions. ENX is a liposoluble drug that can be dissolved in polysorbate solutions. Starch and carrageenan systems were characterized by morphological studies, structural and thermal tests. In addition, encapsulation studies and in vitro release tests were performed. ENX-loaded carrageenan micro/nanogel systems achieved sizes between 178 and 274 nm, while the hydrodynamic diameter was 986 nm - 1555 nm, with the capacity of forming stable suspensions. Moreover, it was shown that the amount and release rate of ENX are influenced by the concentration of Tween®80 used during the preparation. Similarly, starch nanoparticles loaded with ENX were obtained, whose sizes ranged between 60 and 240 nm, although no swelling capacity nor formation of stable suspensions was observed. For all the systems, it was shown that the release of ENX is dominated by Fickian diffusive phenomena, and can be controlled according to the amount of surfactant used in the formulation. In conclusion, the results indicate that carrageenan and starch particles could be considered good alternatives for the preparation of excipients and other biomedical applications due to their ease of preparation and the possibility of controlling the release kinetics of active substances. Additionally, micro- and nano-objects produced from natural polymers have potential applications in smart DDS, especially those that can be controlled by stimuli (electrical or mechanical) in new electronic devices, such as TENGs.
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Polímeros--Procesamiento, Nanopartículas, Farmacología
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