Análisis de situaciones – problema para la enseñanza de la probabilidad en la educación básica
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2019-12-04
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo el análisis de las diversas situaciones –
problema asociadas a los conceptos fundamentales de la probabilidad presentes en
los cuadernos de trabajo propuestos por el Ministerio de Educación para la
educación básica en el Perú. El marco teórico adoptado para la investigación es el
del Enfoque Ontosemiótico de la cognición e instrucción matemática. Para la
realización de este análisis, fue necesario construir el significado de referencia de la
Probabilidad en su sentido fundamental. Para ello, se realizó un estudio de distintas
posturas matemáticas y didácticas con el fin de identificar y organizar los elementos
presentes en el significado. Una vez establecido el significado de referencia, se
realizó una comparación de los elementos del mismo con el significado pretendido
según los desempeños presentados en el Currículo Nacional. Para el análisis de las
tareas escogidas de los cuadernos de trabajo, se estableció las configuraciones
epistémicas de las mismas a fin de identificar los objetos primarios y detectar
posibles errores e inconsistencias. El análisis realizado permitió concluir que muchas
de las tareas propuestas contribuyen a reforzar sesgos o inducen a errores en la
comprensión de la probabilidad. Además, se concluyó que dichas tareas carecen de
la profundidad y variedad necesaria para presentar un significado completo a los
estudiantes. Esta problemática tiene consecuencias negativas tanto en los
estudiantes como en los profesores. Entre las recomendaciones principales de este
trabajo, se aconseja la inclusión de situaciones problema que involucren los distintos
significados de la probabilidad, así como el diseño de experimentos aleatorios
basados en situaciones cotidianas en los que se evidencie la aplicación de los
conceptos estudiados.
The objective of this research was to analyze a sample of tasks involving the core concepts of probability in workbooks proposed by the ministry of education in Peru for the instruction of elementary and high school students. This investigation followed the theoretical framework proposed by the Onto-semiotic Approach to Research in Mathematics Education. To achieve the proposed objectives, it was necessary to establish the referential meaning of the core concepts in probability. In order to do so, it was necessary to gather and review a wide array of historic and mathematical postures about the subject and propose an organization of the elements involved. After establishing the referential meaning, it was compared to the contents of the National Curriculum to find similarities and possible conflicts. For the analysis of the chosen tasks, the epistemic configuration was determined for each of them identifying the primary objects in order to detect inconsistencies or contradictions. After the analysis, it was apparent that several of the proposed tasks contributed to the existence of cognitive bias, such as equiprobability bias, and comprehension errors about probability. Another conclusion was that most of the analyzed tasks lack the depth and variety necessary to transmit the complex meaning of probability. Among the main recommendations, it is advised to include problematic situations in which more than one meaning of probability is involved, as well as real life situations in which the concepts studied are applied in a concrete manner.
The objective of this research was to analyze a sample of tasks involving the core concepts of probability in workbooks proposed by the ministry of education in Peru for the instruction of elementary and high school students. This investigation followed the theoretical framework proposed by the Onto-semiotic Approach to Research in Mathematics Education. To achieve the proposed objectives, it was necessary to establish the referential meaning of the core concepts in probability. In order to do so, it was necessary to gather and review a wide array of historic and mathematical postures about the subject and propose an organization of the elements involved. After establishing the referential meaning, it was compared to the contents of the National Curriculum to find similarities and possible conflicts. For the analysis of the chosen tasks, the epistemic configuration was determined for each of them identifying the primary objects in order to detect inconsistencies or contradictions. After the analysis, it was apparent that several of the proposed tasks contributed to the existence of cognitive bias, such as equiprobability bias, and comprehension errors about probability. Another conclusion was that most of the analyzed tasks lack the depth and variety necessary to transmit the complex meaning of probability. Among the main recommendations, it is advised to include problematic situations in which more than one meaning of probability is involved, as well as real life situations in which the concepts studied are applied in a concrete manner.
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Matemáticas--Estudio y enseñanza (Secundaria), Estadística--Estudio y enseñanza (Secundaria), Probabilidades--Estudio y enseñanza (Secundaria)
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