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Industrias extractivas, protesta indígena y consulta en la Amazonía peruana
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial, 2010-03-26) Benavides, Margarita
This article analyzes the evolution of the natural resources tenure inthe Peruvian Amazon, and its relation with the indigenous protest ofthe years 2008 and 2009. The authoress argue that during the indigenousprotest aroused two opposite visions of development: the visionof the government supporting the big capital interests in one side,and the vision of the indigenous peoples defending their territoriesas a source of their material and identity survival. Nevertheless, theAwajún and Wampis suffered the disproportional repression of thegovernment in Bagua, with bloody results, the main four decreesthat were in the origin of the protest, because they threatened thejuridical security of indigenous peoples territories were derogated,and the indigenous peoples right to be consulted, established by theConvention 169 of the International Law Organization, was placed inthe center of the national debate. Nevertheless, the government hasresisted its application, because these consultations would imply aseries of socio environmental conditionings to the extractive industriesand the big scale infrastructure constructions. The authoresssustains that the conflict will continue if public policies in favor ofindigenous peoples would not be developed. For the establishmentof these public policies another vision of development is requiredfrom the State and government.
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Cambios y continuidades en la percepción y demandas indígenas sobre el territorio en la Amazonía peruana
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial, 2010-03-26) Espinosa, Óscar
This article explores changes and continuities in political demandsconcerning territorial rights as they have been articulated byindigenous organizations of the Peruvian Amazon over recentdecades. Its main objective is to demonstrate how particular historicalconjunctures have influenced the ways in which these groups havefocused their efforts in defense of what they consider to be a crucialelement of their way of life, increasingly threatened by incursionsfrom modern society, capitalism and processes of globalization. Theanalysis rejects depictions of the indigenous peoples as passive, opento manipulation by outside interests. At the same time, it provides amore profound understanding of the changes that are taking placewithin indigenous societies with respect to their perception of, andrelationship to, their territories.
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Articulación campesina al mercado: el caso de Putinza (valle medio del río Cañete, Lima)
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial, 2010-03-26) Rodríguez Castillón, Juan
During the decades of the 1950’s and 1960’s, several communitiesof Peru’s central coastal area, well-known examples being Acos andHuayopampa (Chancay Valley, Huaral), converted from subsistenceproduction systems to fruit growing, economically more profitable.This occurred in Putinza, the community discussed in this paper.Around 1955 it shifted to cultivating fruit and replaced multicroppingwith monoculture, articulated to the urban markets of Cañete andLima. This research, which combines field work with a diachronicand synchronic vision and draws on comparative studies of peasanteconomies, seeks to explain the factors that facilitated this articulationin the early 1960’s. Among the factors that influenced thisprocess are the ecological advantages the community enjoyed, itsopenness to change, its relative closeness to large urban centers,the existence of roads and infrastructure, and market advantages interms of prices and the growing consumer demand for fruit.
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Bultos, selladores y gringos alados: percepciones indígenas de la violencia capitalista en la Amazonía peruana
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial, 2010-03-26) Santos Granero, Fernando; Barclay, Federica
In this article we examine a set of stories that have appeared amongthe Ashaninka, Awajun and Wampis of eastern Peru featuring adiversity of white supernatural beings that wander about their communitiesto steal their vital force or introduce harmful substancesinto their bodies, thus affecting their personal and social integrity.We argue that these stories constitute a response to the capitalistviolence experienced by these peoples as a result of hard-linegovernment policies promoting private investment, and the frenziedactivities of a large number of extractive companies. Such stories areinformed by indigenous notions about personhood and illness, butalso by native eco-cosmologies that view life as a scarce resource,the object of intense interspecific competition. If these ‘politicaleconomies of life’ do not turn into a Hobbesian war of all againstall it is due to an ethic of self-regulation that guarantees the balancebetween species despite the practice of generalized predation. Whatdistinguishes this from past junctures of predation by white peopleis that on this occasion native Amazonians feel that the government,in alliance with the extractive companies, has set out to exterminatethem once and for all.
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La embriaguez del canon minero. La política distrital en San Marcos a doce años de la presencia de Antamina*
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial, 2010-03-26) Salas Carreño, Guillermo
This paper describes and analyses the changes in local politicstaken place in the district of San Marcos (Huari, Ancash) associatedwith the arrival of the Canon Minero – a fraction of taxes paid byAntamina mining company to the Peruvian State. Canon Minero hasincreased sudden and spectacularly the municipality’s funds so muchthat currently San Marcos in «ones of the Peruvian richest districts».The paper pays attention to the municipal elections of 2006 and theimplementation of the Plan Piloto de Mantenimiento de la InfraestructuraPública, a program of temporary work for all San Marcos’citizens. The latter was key for launching a novel alliance betweenthe municipality and the rural population, particularly with the ConoSur composed by hamlets which were traditionally unimportantactors in district politics. Hence, district politics had stopped to bedominated by the struggle between two factions of former landlordfamilies and had become articulated by the opposition between therural hamlets and the town of San Marcos with the emergence ofethnic political claims. Also, local politics ceased to revolve aroundAntamina and has become entangled with struggles over the administrationof Canon Minero. Rural communities which have directnegotiations with Antamina remain important political actors whichare independent from the municipality and are even oppose to it.
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Los achuares del Corrientes: el Estado ante su propio paradigma
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial, 2010-03-26) Chirif, Alberto
The paper analyses the events leading to the 2006 uprising of theAchuar people of the Corrientes basin (Loreto), who have sufferedfour decades of contamination due to oil exploitation. It also examinesthe Peruvian State’s and the oil company´s attitudes throughoutthe protest and after signing an agreement aiming to stop contaminationand remedy environmental and social havoc. Materials usedinclude interviews conducted with different stake holders and a widerange of written records, such as political declarations, reports onlocal people´s health´s and remediation work, agreement documentsand letters exchanged between stake holders, as well as historicaland socio economic background information. Findings highlight thestrength of organized indigenous people´s claiming for their rights;the greater commitment to assuming responsibility shown by the oilcompany´s as compared to the Peruvian State; and the weakness ofa political discourse equating development with the extraction ofnatural resources. The main conclusion is that the Peruvian Statedoes not fulfill the paradigm set in the first article of the Constitution:that the defense of the human person and the respect of its dignityare its supreme aim.
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Conflictos del gas y su gobernanza: el caso de los guaraníes de Tarija, Bolivia.
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial, 2010-03-26) Perreault, Thomas
This article examines the implications of natural gas developmentfor Guaraní indigenous communities in southeastern Bolivia. Duringthe 1990s, the Bolivian government enacted a series of neoliberalreforms designed to attract international investment for natural gasand petroleum exploitation and to facilitate the export of hydrocarbons.Protests over the management and distribution of the benefitsderived from natural gas contributed diretly to the election of EvoMorales, Bolivia´s first indigenous president. Nevertheless, anddespite the pro-indigenous discourse of Morales and his MAS (Movementto Socialism) party, gas production has had negative effectsfor indigenous peoples in Bolivia´s Chaco region, who are directlyimpacted by extractive activities. This article examines the case ofthe Guaraní people of the Tierra Comunitaria de Orígen (OriginaryCommunal Land, TCO) Itika Guasu, in Tarija department, whereRepsol´s Margarita ´mega-field´ is located. It is argued here thatgas exploitation in Guaraní territory has been conducted withoutadequate prior consultation or meaningful participation of thepopulations affected.
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Presentación: una mirada antropológica a las industrias extractivas en los Andes
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial, 2010-03-26) Damonte, Gerardo; Castillo, Gerardo
El artículo no presenta resumen.
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Re-empaquetando el CLPI: las conexiones globales y el debate sobre el consentimiento indígena para la extracción industrial de recursos
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial, 2010-03-26) Szablowski, David
In this paper, I propose to examine how rival global governmentalprojects are asserted and contested by decentralized networks thatlink actors operating at different scales. I argue that Tsing’s notionof «travelling packages» provides a useful way of conceptualizingthe means by which elements of these projects are diffused, translated,taken up, and adapted into different localities around theworld. I explore these dynamics in relation to the contestation of agovernance model based on the principle that the free, prior andinformed consent (FPIC) of an indigenous people is required toauthorize actions that may affect upon indigenous territory or indigenousrights. Through the assertion of different versions of FPIC,networked actors are contesting the nature and shape of corporatesocial responsibility, the authority of the state, and the significanceof indigenous governance. I propose to explore the implicationsof different packaging strategies on the contestation between rivalgovernance models and on their propensity for uptake in local sites.
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Cuando la empresa se instala, el «diablo» se muda a vivir en los socavones*
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial, 2010-03-26) Salazar-Soler, Carmen
The purpose of this paper is to think about the dynamics betweensocial labour relationships and the religious believes in Peruvianmining on the basis of anthropological analysis of data collectedamong Julcani miners (Huancavelica) and Canta artisanal miners(Sierra of Lima) . Julcani miners are observed in two differentsocioeconomic contexts, one of modernization and technologicaldevelopment, and another of mine closure. Canta artisanal minersare also observed in two different periods, one before and the otherafter the installation in the zone of a mineral trade company. It canbe stated that the apparition of «evil» believes in miner’s religioussystem corresponds to the expansion and intensification of capitalistlabour relationships.

Anthropologica. Vol. 28 Núm. 28 (2010) Suplemento

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