El arte del tapiz andino colonial. Técnica, iconografía, usos y tejedores
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Date
2020-02-11
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
El tapiz andino colonial, el textil más complejo confeccionado durante los tres siglos
de dominación hispana del territorio peruano, surgió de la fusión de dos tradiciones
textiles milenarias. De un lado, la andina, que alcanzó un notable desarrollo tecnológico
dominando procedimientos tanto para la preparación de la materia prima, el teñido, las
distintas técnicas del entrecruzamiento de hilos, así como de la iconografía. De otro
lado, se halla la práctica textil occidental, que alcanzó su apogeo con los tapices
flamencos elaborados desde fines de la Edad Media. El tapiz andino, que mantuvo
características del tejido de cumbi (tejido fino de los incas), no solo se convirtió en
elemento de apoyo para el discurso evangelizador de las órdenes religiosas, durante el
período colonial temprano, y posteriormente en objeto de lujo y ostentación para las
élites, también fue un vehículo transmisor de múltiples significados que cambiarían al
ritmo del progreso de las sociedades y de sus necesidades.
Esta investigación se concentró en el conjunto de tapices del Museo Nacional de
Arqueología, Antropología e Historia del Perú (MNAAHP), que se complementa con
piezas de otros museos del país y del extranjero. Se trata de estupendos ejemplares, la
mayor parte nunca antes estudiados, como el tapiz con tocapus y cruz cristiana del
MNAAHP. Este trabajo aporta al debate sobre el tejido colonial andino, tema que no ha
recibido suficiente atención de los investigadores locales.
The Andean colonial tapestry, the textile most complex made during three centuries of Spanish domination, was the result of two ancient textile traditions. On the one hand, the Andean that reached with a highly developed technique for the elaboration of fibers, dying, and weaving. On the other hand, the European textile technology had a high development with Flemish tapestries, elaborated since the end of the Middle Age. The Andean tapestry kept some of the features of the cumbi (fine Inca textiles), and became an element to be used as a resource for Indian Christianization by the religious orders, during the early period of colonial times; later the tapestry became a luxury good for the elite groups. The research is focused on the collection of the National Museum of Anthropology, Archaeology and History of Peru, and some tapestries from others locals and foreign museums. They are extraordinary pieces, some of which have never been analyzed before, like the tocapus tapestry with the Christian Cross. This study contributes to the discussion about the colonial Andean textiles, which it have not received much attention from national scholars.
The Andean colonial tapestry, the textile most complex made during three centuries of Spanish domination, was the result of two ancient textile traditions. On the one hand, the Andean that reached with a highly developed technique for the elaboration of fibers, dying, and weaving. On the other hand, the European textile technology had a high development with Flemish tapestries, elaborated since the end of the Middle Age. The Andean tapestry kept some of the features of the cumbi (fine Inca textiles), and became an element to be used as a resource for Indian Christianization by the religious orders, during the early period of colonial times; later the tapestry became a luxury good for the elite groups. The research is focused on the collection of the National Museum of Anthropology, Archaeology and History of Peru, and some tapestries from others locals and foreign museums. They are extraordinary pieces, some of which have never been analyzed before, like the tocapus tapestry with the Christian Cross. This study contributes to the discussion about the colonial Andean textiles, which it have not received much attention from national scholars.
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Keywords
Tapices--Perú--Historia--Colonia, Tapices--Perú--Historia--Época Incaica, Textiles--Perú--Historia--Colonia, Textiles--Perú--Historia--Época incaica, Iconografía--Perú--Historia--Colonia, Iconografía--Perú--Historia--Época incaica, Arte--Perú--Historia--Colonia, Arte colonial--Perú--Temas, motivos
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