Del istmo de Fitzcarrald a La Pampa: análisis del sistema de redes de ciudades mineras de la región de Madre de Dios en el área de influencia de la carretera Interoceánica (1980-2018)
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2021-02-25
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
Tanto la geografía como la historia han permitido aproximarnos al estudio de la memoria del
proceso de configuración del espacio minero del departamento de Madre de Dios. El análisis
territorial de esta región de la Amazonía ha evidenciado la evolución del modelo centroperiferia
como resultado de la transformación de esta margen territorial y de frontera gracias
al avance de las dinámicas territoriales a múltiples escalas. La multiescaralidad de estas
dinámicas ha influenciado en construir nuevas relaciones desiguales de tipo flujos y de poder
sobre esta periferia modificando el grado de dominación.
En la actualidad, la actividad minera se ha convertido en un problema coyuntural social y
ambiental; no obstante, la consolidación de la economía del oro en la región representa el
arraigo territorial de los frentes extractivos desde inicios de la ocupación occidental como la
avanzada cauchera liderada por Carlos Fermin Fitzcarrald. Él facilitó la articulación fluvial
con las principales urbes caucheras (Iquitos y Manaos) mediante la implementación de un
puente fluvial denominado istmo de Fitzcarrald. Después de más de un siglo, “La Pampa”
significa la consolidación de una red de vías terrestres y centros poblados los cuales son
componentes esenciales del sistema de redes de ciudades mineras del departamento. No
obstante, tanto la pavimentación del principal eje vial mediante la construcción de la carretera
Interoceánica Sur en el marco de los cinco tramos del Corredor Vial Interoceánico Sur (IIRSASur)
como la expansión de la minería hacia las zonas de conservación (Reserva Nacional de
Tambopata y Reserva Comunal de Amarakaeri) desencadenó en la configuración de una red
urbana en constante dinamismo. A partir de este momento, esta carretera provocó cambios
económicos, tecnológicos y estructurales sostenedores del proceso de urbanización vinculado
a la economía del oro.
El propósito de esta tesis es visibilizar el origen de “La Pampa”. Para ello es necesario
comprender el proceso de consolidación del frente extractivo minero a causa del predominio
de la red vial y el crecimiento urbano y demográfico de los principales centros poblados
surgidos en la década del 80’. La interacción de estos elementos con las dinámicas mundiales
de la economía del oro (precio internacional) determinó la formación de dos subsistemas
urbano (1) Puerto Maldonado-Laberinto y 2) Mazuko-Huepetuhe) y este gran campamento
ilegal (“La Pampa”)
Both geography and history have enabled an approach to research on the memory of the shaping process of the mining activity space in the Madre de Dios region. The territorial analysis of this region of the Amazon has demonstrated the evolution of the center-periphery model as a result of the transformation of this territorial margin and border due to the advance of territorial dynamics at multiple scales. The multiscarality of these dynamics has influenced the development of new unequal flow and power relations over this periphery by modifying the degree of domination. Nowadays, mining activity has become a social and environmental contextual problem; however, the consolidation of gold economy in the region represents the territorial roots towards extractive activities that took place since the beginning of the western occupation as the rubber exploitation led by Carlos Fermin Fitzcarrald. He facilitated river connections with the main rubber-producing cities (Iquitos and Manaos) by implementing a river bridge called “istmo de Fitzcarrald”. Over a century later, "La Pampa" represents a land networks and towns which are essential components of a system of networked mining cities in the region. However, both the paving of the main road axis through the construction of the South Interoceanic Highway in five sections of the South Interoceanic Road Corridor (IIRSA-South) and the expansion of mining within the conservation areas (Tambopata National Reserve and Amarakaeri Communal Reserve) triggered the conformation of a constantly dynamic urban network. From that moment on, the highway caused economic, technological and structural changes that support the urbanization process linked to the gold economy. The purpose of this thesis is to make the origin of "La Pampa" visible. For this, it is necessary to understand the mining extractive activity consolidation process caused by the predominance of the road network and the urban and demographic growth of the main towns that appeared in the 80's. The interaction of these elements with the global dynamics of gold economy (international price) determined the formation of two urban subsystems (1) “Puerto Maldonado-Laberinto” and (2) “Mazuko-Huepetuhe” and the large illegal camp called “La Pampa”
Both geography and history have enabled an approach to research on the memory of the shaping process of the mining activity space in the Madre de Dios region. The territorial analysis of this region of the Amazon has demonstrated the evolution of the center-periphery model as a result of the transformation of this territorial margin and border due to the advance of territorial dynamics at multiple scales. The multiscarality of these dynamics has influenced the development of new unequal flow and power relations over this periphery by modifying the degree of domination. Nowadays, mining activity has become a social and environmental contextual problem; however, the consolidation of gold economy in the region represents the territorial roots towards extractive activities that took place since the beginning of the western occupation as the rubber exploitation led by Carlos Fermin Fitzcarrald. He facilitated river connections with the main rubber-producing cities (Iquitos and Manaos) by implementing a river bridge called “istmo de Fitzcarrald”. Over a century later, "La Pampa" represents a land networks and towns which are essential components of a system of networked mining cities in the region. However, both the paving of the main road axis through the construction of the South Interoceanic Highway in five sections of the South Interoceanic Road Corridor (IIRSA-South) and the expansion of mining within the conservation areas (Tambopata National Reserve and Amarakaeri Communal Reserve) triggered the conformation of a constantly dynamic urban network. From that moment on, the highway caused economic, technological and structural changes that support the urbanization process linked to the gold economy. The purpose of this thesis is to make the origin of "La Pampa" visible. For this, it is necessary to understand the mining extractive activity consolidation process caused by the predominance of the road network and the urban and demographic growth of the main towns that appeared in the 80's. The interaction of these elements with the global dynamics of gold economy (international price) determined the formation of two urban subsystems (1) “Puerto Maldonado-Laberinto” and (2) “Mazuko-Huepetuhe” and the large illegal camp called “La Pampa”
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Campamentos mineros--Perú--Madre de Dios, Carretera Interoceánica Sur--Perú--Madre de Dios--Aspectos socioambientales, Minería ilegal
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