La pobreza es multidimensional: un ensayo de clasificación
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2002
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía
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En este ensayo clasificatorio presentamos cinco tipos básicos de multidimensionalidad en la literatura reciente sobre desarrollo y pobreza. La primera es intra-económica pues incluye dos o más variables económicas. La segunda añade indicadores no económicos al ingreso. Podemos distinguir dos variantes en ese caso. Una de ellas es la que introduce la multidimensionalidad en el campo de los factores de la pobreza usualmente de ingreso. Algunos de esos factores son definidos como “capital”. Otra es la que incorpora elementos no económicos en la definición de pobreza. El tercer tipo de multidimensionalidad elimina el ingreso y las variables económicas en general de la definición de pobreza, lo que coloca a la dimensión económica meramente como factor. Es el caso del planteamiento de Sen que define el problema como uno, en última instancia, de libertad. Dentro de ese enfoque nos interesa destacar una de las maneras menos comprendidas de hacerlo cual es la que sirve para construir el Índice de Desarrollo Humano en los Informes sobre Desarrollo Humano del PNUD. La cuarta manera de establecer la multidimensionalidad de la pobreza es la que introduce la clasificación “económica,” “política,” “social,” “cultural,” u otras y que se deriva de la modalidad de separación de esferas de la vida propia del mundo liberal. La última que exponemos es la que se apoya directamente en las ideas de lo valioso en la vida y su relación con el desarrollo que tienen diversas corrientes filosóficas.
In this classificatory essay I present five main types of multidimensionality in the recent literature on poverty and human development. The first is intra-economic multidimensionality. Income, aggregate or individual, is accompanied with distribution, assets, employment, or other dimensions. By the second, non-economic elements are added, usually to income. Two versions of this type are very common and influential. In the first multidimensional factors explaining income-poverty are introduced. Some of these factors are defined as “capital,” human, physical, social, cultural, symbolic, etc. In the second of them economic and non-economic elements define poverty. In both cases income, alone or accompanied, is still seen as an end. The third type eliminates income from the definition of poverty. The qualitative and quantitative transformation of income in order to define the Human Development Index is one of the ways that it is done, but it is even more explicit in the calculation of the Human Poverty Index by the UNDP where income is not included. The last two types arise out of wider approaches in the fields of political philosophy or moral philosophy. The fourth type consists in the introduction of the modern way of classifying the spheres of life. The “economic,” “political,” “social,” “cultural,” etc. spheres are considered dimensions of development, and also of poverty. The fifth type is more openly philosophical and is based in the explicit analysis of values and their relation to development.
In this classificatory essay I present five main types of multidimensionality in the recent literature on poverty and human development. The first is intra-economic multidimensionality. Income, aggregate or individual, is accompanied with distribution, assets, employment, or other dimensions. By the second, non-economic elements are added, usually to income. Two versions of this type are very common and influential. In the first multidimensional factors explaining income-poverty are introduced. Some of these factors are defined as “capital,” human, physical, social, cultural, symbolic, etc. In the second of them economic and non-economic elements define poverty. In both cases income, alone or accompanied, is still seen as an end. The third type eliminates income from the definition of poverty. The qualitative and quantitative transformation of income in order to define the Human Development Index is one of the ways that it is done, but it is even more explicit in the calculation of the Human Poverty Index by the UNDP where income is not included. The last two types arise out of wider approaches in the fields of political philosophy or moral philosophy. The fourth type consists in the introduction of the modern way of classifying the spheres of life. The “economic,” “political,” “social,” “cultural,” etc. spheres are considered dimensions of development, and also of poverty. The fifth type is more openly philosophical and is based in the explicit analysis of values and their relation to development.
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