Implementación de medidas procedimentales frente al delito de extorsión cometido por bandas criminales en Lima Cercado, durante el periodo 2021 - 2023
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2024-09-09
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
Resumen
El delito de extorsión, en los últimos años, se ha incrementado exponencialmente en el Perú,
sobre todo con mucha mayor magnitud en el distrito de Cercado de Lima, perteneciente a Lima
Metropolitana. Esto se debe, en gran manera a la “deficiente actuación procedimental por parte de
los Operadores de Justicia destinados a combatir el Delito de extorsión en Lima – Metropolitana”.
Por otro lado, también, se tiene como otra causa principal a la descontrolada inmigración extranjera
hacia el Perú de personas al margen de la ley (delincuentes con antecedentes), provenientes de los
países de Venezuela y Colombia, entre otros. E, incluso, en el último quinquenio, se han logrado
insertar en el Perú organizaciones criminales, como el Tren de Aragua, las cuales han tenido mucho
éxito en la perpetración de extorsiones en Lima Metropolitana, debido a la gran crueldad que
utilizan estas bandas criminales al perpetrar sus actos extorsivos. Llegan, incluso, a atentar contra
la vida de las personas, con la complicidad de sicarios (asesinos a sueldo); no tienen ningún reparo
ni límites en el uso de la violencia, y llegan, inclusive, a asesinar a las personas que no acceden a
sus requerimientos extorsivos.
Es así que, en la presente investigación, se ha realizado trabajo de campo. En primer lugar,
se ha utilizado la técnica de entrevistas, en sus modalidades de estructuradas y semiestructuradas,
así también, se ha recurrido a los grupos focales. Ambos métodos fueron aplicados, por un lado, a
los policías investigadores de los delitos de extorsión que prestan servicios en el Departamento de
Investigación Criminal del Cercado de Lima – DEPINCRI-PNP del distrito Cercado de Lima, así
también, a los policías investigadores de la Dirección de Investigación Criminal DININCRI-PNP.
Por último, también se llegó a entrevistar al Fiscal de la Nación a fiscales tanto titulares como
adjuntos, que laboran en la Jurisdicción Fiscal de Lima Metropolitana, que también, investigan los
delitos de extorsión en sus fiscalías respectivas.
Luego de realizar una lluvia y análisis de ideas, se estableció que el trabajo de innovación intentaría
responder la siguiente interrogante: ¿cómo se puede mejorar el proceso de investigación policial
para poder enfrentar de manera más eficiente el delito de extorsión cometido por bandas
criminales en el distrito de Lima Cercado? Luego, se continuó con el trabajo de campo y la
recopilación de información y documentos entre los grupos de interés como son los policías, fiscales
y personas agraviadas por los extorsionadores. Se llegó a la respuesta de que la forma de mejorar el proceso de investigación policial para disminuir las extorsiones en Lima Metropolitana y el Cercado
de Lima sería modificar el protocolo interinstitucional DS-010-2018-JUS. Se llegó a establecer
como plazo máximo de 72 horas para la remisión de la carpeta fiscal desde el Ministerio Público
hacia la unidad policial encargada de la investigación del delito de extorsión. Por ello, se desprende
que el prototipo final del proyecto de innovación del presente trabajo de investigación sería la
modificación del protocolo de trabajo interinstitucional y coordinado entre el Ministerio Público y
la Policía Nacional en su numeral (5) del DS-010-2018-JUS, el cual debería, taxativamente, decir
lo siguiente: «El plazo máximo de remisión de la carpeta fiscal desde el Ministerio Público a la
Unidad Policial Investigadora respectiva no deberá exceder de setenta y dos (72) horas, desde el
conocimiento del hecho por parte del Ministerio Público».
Este proyecto de innovación traería como consecuencia que los policías encargados de las
investigaciones del delito de extorsión en Lima Cercado tengan a la mano, de una manera mucho
más rápida y expeditiva, la «carpeta fiscal», documento donde los fiscales detallan sus disposiciones
y diligencias, las que deben ser cumplidas por los policías investigadores. Estos pueden iniciar sus
investigaciones de una manera más eficiente y eficaz, ya que tendrían a la mano la herramienta
jurídica que les permitiría actuar dentro del marco de la ley y a la mayor brevedad posible. Por ende,
podrían combatir de una manera más rápida y operativa a las organizaciones y bandas criminales
que vienen extorsionando a los ciudadanos, empresarios, microempresarios y nuevos
emprendedores del Cercado de Lima.
The crime of extortion, in recent years, has increased exponentially in Perú, especially with much greater magnitude in the Cercado District of Lima, belonging to Metropolitan Lima This is largely due to the «deficient procedural action by the Justice Operators destined to combat the Crime of Extortion in Metropolitan Lima». On the other hand, there is also another main cause for this problem which is the uncontrolled foreign immigration to Perú from people outside the law (criminals with records) from the countries of Venezuela and Colombia among others. Even in the last five years, criminal organizations have managed to graft themselves in Perú, such as the Tren de Aragua, and have been very successful in perpetrating extortion in Metropolitan Lima due to the great cruelty that these criminal gangs use when perpetrating their extortion acts. They even go as far as to attack people's lives, with the complicity of hitmen (hired killers), having no qualms or limits in the use of violence, even to murder people who do not comply with their extortion demands. Thus, in field work, for the present investigation, field work has been done, which involves using interview technique, in their structured and semi-structured modalities, as well as focus groups. Both methods applied to police investigators of extortion crimes who provide services in the Department of Criminal Investigation of the Cercado de Lima - DEPINCRI-PNP of the Cercado de Lima District, as well as the investigating police of the DININCRI-PNP Criminal Investigation Directorate. Finally, both regular and deputy prosecutors, who work in the Tax Jurisdiction of Metropolitan Lima and that also investigate the crimes of Extortion in their respective prosecutor's offices were interviewed. Then, a brainstorming followed, which led to the proposal of the following question that this research will try to answer: how can the police investigation process be improved in order to reduce the crime of extortion committed by criminal gangs in the District of Lima Cercado? Later, field work was continued through the collection of information and documents of interest groups such as the police, prosecutors and people aggrieved by the extortionists, The answer to this question was that the way to improve the police investigation process to reduce extortion in Metropolitan Lima and the surrounding area of Lima would be to modify the inter-institutional protocol DS-010-2018- JUS establishing a maximum period of 72 hours for the referral of the Tax File from the Public Ministry to the police unit in charge of investigating the crime of extortion. Therefore, it follows that the final prototype of the innovation project of this research work would be the modification of the inter-institutional and coordinated work protocol between the Public Ministry and the National Police in its section (5) of DS-2018-JUS , which must specifically say the following: «The maximum period for the Submission of the Tax File from the Public Ministry to the respective Investigative Police Unit must not exceed seventy-two (72) hours, from the knowledge of the fact by the Public Ministry». This innovation project would result in the fact that police officers in charge of investigating the crime of extortion in Lima Cercado could have by hand a much faster and more expeditious manner to proceed through the «fiscal folder». This is a document where the prosecutors detail their dispositions and procedures that must be fulfilled by the investigating police, allowing police to begin their investigations in a more efficient and effective way since they would have at hand the legal tool that would allow them to act within the framework of the law and as soon as possible. Therefore, they would be able to combat in a faster and more operational way the criminal organizations that have been extorting citizens, businessmen, micro-businessmen, and new entrepreneurs of Cercado de Lima.
The crime of extortion, in recent years, has increased exponentially in Perú, especially with much greater magnitude in the Cercado District of Lima, belonging to Metropolitan Lima This is largely due to the «deficient procedural action by the Justice Operators destined to combat the Crime of Extortion in Metropolitan Lima». On the other hand, there is also another main cause for this problem which is the uncontrolled foreign immigration to Perú from people outside the law (criminals with records) from the countries of Venezuela and Colombia among others. Even in the last five years, criminal organizations have managed to graft themselves in Perú, such as the Tren de Aragua, and have been very successful in perpetrating extortion in Metropolitan Lima due to the great cruelty that these criminal gangs use when perpetrating their extortion acts. They even go as far as to attack people's lives, with the complicity of hitmen (hired killers), having no qualms or limits in the use of violence, even to murder people who do not comply with their extortion demands. Thus, in field work, for the present investigation, field work has been done, which involves using interview technique, in their structured and semi-structured modalities, as well as focus groups. Both methods applied to police investigators of extortion crimes who provide services in the Department of Criminal Investigation of the Cercado de Lima - DEPINCRI-PNP of the Cercado de Lima District, as well as the investigating police of the DININCRI-PNP Criminal Investigation Directorate. Finally, both regular and deputy prosecutors, who work in the Tax Jurisdiction of Metropolitan Lima and that also investigate the crimes of Extortion in their respective prosecutor's offices were interviewed. Then, a brainstorming followed, which led to the proposal of the following question that this research will try to answer: how can the police investigation process be improved in order to reduce the crime of extortion committed by criminal gangs in the District of Lima Cercado? Later, field work was continued through the collection of information and documents of interest groups such as the police, prosecutors and people aggrieved by the extortionists, The answer to this question was that the way to improve the police investigation process to reduce extortion in Metropolitan Lima and the surrounding area of Lima would be to modify the inter-institutional protocol DS-010-2018- JUS establishing a maximum period of 72 hours for the referral of the Tax File from the Public Ministry to the police unit in charge of investigating the crime of extortion. Therefore, it follows that the final prototype of the innovation project of this research work would be the modification of the inter-institutional and coordinated work protocol between the Public Ministry and the National Police in its section (5) of DS-2018-JUS , which must specifically say the following: «The maximum period for the Submission of the Tax File from the Public Ministry to the respective Investigative Police Unit must not exceed seventy-two (72) hours, from the knowledge of the fact by the Public Ministry». This innovation project would result in the fact that police officers in charge of investigating the crime of extortion in Lima Cercado could have by hand a much faster and more expeditious manner to proceed through the «fiscal folder». This is a document where the prosecutors detail their dispositions and procedures that must be fulfilled by the investigating police, allowing police to begin their investigations in a more efficient and effective way since they would have at hand the legal tool that would allow them to act within the framework of the law and as soon as possible. Therefore, they would be able to combat in a faster and more operational way the criminal organizations that have been extorting citizens, businessmen, micro-businessmen, and new entrepreneurs of Cercado de Lima.
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Palabras clave
Policía Nacional (Perú), Extorsión--Perú--Lima Metropolitana, Prevención del delito--Perú--Lima Metropolitana, Crimen organizado--Perú--Lima Metropolitana
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