Los enfoques ético-políticos del Tribunal Constitucional peruano respecto de la diversidad cultural (1996-2012)
Date
2014
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Instituto Riva Agüero
Abstract
Desde el inicio de sus funciones en 1996 y hasta 2012, antes de la entrada en vigenciade la Ley del Derecho a la Consulta Previa (29785), el Tribunal Constitucional peruanohabía emitido 21 sentencias en materia indígena. La mayoría de ellas ha sido objeto deanálisis asociados a un derecho indígena específi co. No obstante, luego de casi 20 añosde vida institucional es necesaria una mirada integral que dé luces sobre la forma en queel máximo órgano de interpretación constitucional en nuestro país ha visto y elaborado undiscurso, no solo sobre un derecho en particular sino sobre las circunstancias políticas,sociales y jurídicas que implica la presencia de pueblos indígenas dentro de un Estadonaciónmoderno; es decir, la existencia de pluralidad étnica en el marco de una estructuraestatal diseñada sobre la base de la igualdad abstracta de todos sus ciudadanos. Así, elpresente artículo plantea cuatro propuestas ético-políticas para la gestión de la pluralidadétnica en estados nacionales: el asimilacionismo, el integracionismo, el multiculturalismo yla interculturalidad. A partir de dichos marcos de referencia se verá cómo el Tribunal Constitucionalperuano ha oscilado entre la postura más circunscripta y una más integradora,pero lamentablemente, no por eso la que mejor protege derechos indígenas.
As from the beginning of its functions in 1996 until 2012, before the enactment of the Lawon the Right to Prior Consultation (29785) came into force, the Constitutional Court of Peruhad issued 21 sentences on indigenous issues. Most of them have been subject to analysisrelated to a specifi c indigenous right. However, after almost 20 years of institutionallife, it is necessary to have a comprehensive view on the way how the maximum body for constitutional interpretation in our country has seen and prepared a discourse, not only abouta specifi c right but also about the political, social and legal circumstances that result from thepresence of indigenous people within a modern nation state; that is, the existence of ethnicplurality within the framework of a state structure based on the abstract concept of equality forall its citizens. Therefore, this article envisages four ethical and political proposals for managingethnic plurality in nation states: the assimilationism, the integrationism, the multiculturalism andthe interculturalism. Taking into account these reference frameworks it will be shown how theConstitutional Court of Peru has fl uctuated from a restricted posture toward a more inclusivestance, unfortunately, that does not mean it is the best to protect indigenous rights.
As from the beginning of its functions in 1996 until 2012, before the enactment of the Lawon the Right to Prior Consultation (29785) came into force, the Constitutional Court of Peruhad issued 21 sentences on indigenous issues. Most of them have been subject to analysisrelated to a specifi c indigenous right. However, after almost 20 years of institutionallife, it is necessary to have a comprehensive view on the way how the maximum body for constitutional interpretation in our country has seen and prepared a discourse, not only abouta specifi c right but also about the political, social and legal circumstances that result from thepresence of indigenous people within a modern nation state; that is, the existence of ethnicplurality within the framework of a state structure based on the abstract concept of equality forall its citizens. Therefore, this article envisages four ethical and political proposals for managingethnic plurality in nation states: the assimilationism, the integrationism, the multiculturalism andthe interculturalism. Taking into account these reference frameworks it will be shown how theConstitutional Court of Peru has fl uctuated from a restricted posture toward a more inclusivestance, unfortunately, that does not mean it is the best to protect indigenous rights.
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Revistas generales, Historiografía—Revistas, Filosofía--Revistas, Jurisprudence, Multiculturalism, Hegemony, Interculturalism.
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