Capital social y orientación futura en la inserción laboral de los egresados de administración y economía de una universidad privada
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Date
2024-03-01
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
La rápida expansión de la educación superior a nivel mundial frente a un
mercado de trabajo cada vez más competitivo, ha abierto el debate sobre la
responsabilidad de la universidad respecto a la inserción laboral de sus
egresados. En esta investigación, se analizan dos elementos de la inserción
laboral: el primero, de carácter objetivo, se refiere a los ingresos laborales
obtenidos por el egresado; mientras que, el segundo, la sobreeducación, es de
carácter subjetivo y se refiere a si el egresado percibe que su trabajo puede ser
realizado por otra persona sin estudios universitarios. El modelo de análisis
plantea que la dotación de capital humano, cultural y social del individuo,
adquirida desde el entorno familiar e incrementada durante su etapa formativa
universitaria, determina su acceso y selección de mecanismos de búsqueda de
empleo, y por tanto, influye en los resultados de su inserción laboral. Asimismo,
se incorpora el modelo de orientación futura, según el cual, la motivación y
representación cognitiva del egresado respecto a su futuro profesional definen
su comportamiento de búsqueda de empleo. En este marco, el estudio se centra
en determinar si el capital social y la orientación futura de los egresados, son
variables que explican su inserción laboral. La investigación se realiza en una
universidad privada sin fines de lucro en el Perú, para los egresados de las
carreras de administración y economía, durante el periodo 2015-2018. Como
resultado, se encuentra que el uso de mecanismos como las redes de
egresados, la bolsa de trabajo y el uso de avisos externos a la universidad, así
como las expectativas sobre el futuro, podrían tener un efecto negativo en los
ingresos laborales. Por el contrario, un mayor compromiso con el desarrollo
futuro de la carrera profesional, conduce a la obtención de mayores ingresos.
Por otro lado, el uso de avisos externos a la universidad y una mayor valorización
de la influencia de las prácticas para la consecución del empleo puede llevar a
una situación de sobreeducación; mientras que, la representación cognitiva del
futuro reduce las posibilidades de sobreeducación. Finalmente, se destacan las
diferencias de sexo en los resultados de la inserción laboral.
The rapid expansion of higher education worldwide in the face of an increasingly competitive job market has sparked a debate about the university's responsibility regarding the transition to work of its graduates. In this research, two elements of labor insertion are analyzed: the first, of an objective nature, refers to the labor income earned by the graduate; while the second, overeducation, is subjective and relates to whether the graduate perceives that his work could be done by someone without higher education. The analytical model posits that the endowment of human, cultural, and social capital acquired from the family environment and increased during their university education determines his access and selection of job search mechanisms, thus influencing the outcomes of his job insertion. Additionally, the model of future orientation is incorporated, whereby the graduate's motivation and cognitive representation of the future define their job search behavior. In this context, the study focuses on determining whether the social capital and future orientation of the graduates are variables that explain their job insertion. The research is conducted at a non-profit private university in Peru, for graduates in the fields of administration and economics, during the period 2015-2018. As a result, it is found that the use of mechanisms such as alumni networks, job board, and the use of external job advertisements, as well as expectations about the future, could have a negative effect on labor income. Conversely, greater commitment to the future development of the professional career leads to higher incomes. On the other hand, the use of external job advertisements and a higher valuation of the influence of internships in securing employment may lead to a situation of overeducation; whereas, cognitive representation of the future reduces the chances of overeducation. Finally, gender differences in employment integration outcomes are highlighted.
The rapid expansion of higher education worldwide in the face of an increasingly competitive job market has sparked a debate about the university's responsibility regarding the transition to work of its graduates. In this research, two elements of labor insertion are analyzed: the first, of an objective nature, refers to the labor income earned by the graduate; while the second, overeducation, is subjective and relates to whether the graduate perceives that his work could be done by someone without higher education. The analytical model posits that the endowment of human, cultural, and social capital acquired from the family environment and increased during their university education determines his access and selection of job search mechanisms, thus influencing the outcomes of his job insertion. Additionally, the model of future orientation is incorporated, whereby the graduate's motivation and cognitive representation of the future define their job search behavior. In this context, the study focuses on determining whether the social capital and future orientation of the graduates are variables that explain their job insertion. The research is conducted at a non-profit private university in Peru, for graduates in the fields of administration and economics, during the period 2015-2018. As a result, it is found that the use of mechanisms such as alumni networks, job board, and the use of external job advertisements, as well as expectations about the future, could have a negative effect on labor income. Conversely, greater commitment to the future development of the professional career leads to higher incomes. On the other hand, the use of external job advertisements and a higher valuation of the influence of internships in securing employment may lead to a situation of overeducation; whereas, cognitive representation of the future reduces the chances of overeducation. Finally, gender differences in employment integration outcomes are highlighted.
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Graduados universitarios--Empleo--Perú, Mercado de trabajo--Perú, Educación superior--Investigaciones--Perú
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