Rutas contrapuestas de la élite realista ante la Independencia del Perú: los casos de Gaspar de Osma y de Pedro José de Zavala
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2020-09-25
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El quiebre del sistema virreinal y el nacimiento de la república del Perú, generó diversas
respuestas en quienes vivieron tan complejo proceso. La elite -tanto de origen peninsular
como criollo- tuvo que tomar decisiones apresuradas ante los vaivenes del momento,
particularmente desfavorables para el sector leal a la corona. Los realistas -o fidelistas- fueron
los grandes perdedores en aquellos cambios. Esta tesis analiza dos conductas que no pudieron
ser más contrastadas entre quienes se opusieron a la ruptura con España. Fueron dos caras de
una misma moneda: una fue la representada Gaspar Antonio de Osma, un funcionario
peninsular vinculado a la aristocracia mercantil limeña, mientras que el otro, Pedro José de
Zavala, fue un noble militar, de añeja estirpe en Cuzco y Lima. Mientras el primero -siendo
español- optó por adaptarse al Perú independiente, el segundo -habiendo nacido en estas
tierras- se negó a hacerlo, emigrando a España. Estos casos muestran dos posturas extremas,
que fueron posiblemente los márgenes de un abanico de opciones. La del peninsular que se
quedó en el Perú republicano, al lado de su familia, debió ser menos traumática que la del
criollo desarraigado de su lugar de origen. Osma se adaptó al nuevo sistema mientras su
contraparte, Zavala, no logró más éxito que unos distintivos honoríficos, antes de volver al
final de su vida a un país que, paradójicamente, pasaba por una coyuntura más estable que la
España de mediados del siglo XIX.
The fall of the viceregal system and the birth of the Republic of Peru, generated various responses in those who lived through such a complex process. The elite - both peninsular and criollo in origin - had to make hasty decisions in face of the fluctuations of the moment, particularly unfavorable for the sector loyal to the crown. The realistas (or fidelistas) were the big losers in those changes. This thesis analyzes two behaviors that could not be more contrasted among those who opposed the breakup with Spain. They were two sides of the same coin: one was represented by Gaspar Antonio de Osma, a peninsular bureaucrat linked to Lima´s commercial aristocracy, while the other was a military nobleman of ancient ancestry in Cuzco and Lima. While the former -being Spanish- chose to adapt to independent Peru, the latter -having been born on these lands- refused to do so, emigrating to Spain. These cases show two extreme positions, which were possibly the margins of a range of options. That of the peninsular who remained in republican Peru, next to his family, must have been less traumatic than that of the uprooted army officer from his place of origin. Osma was able to adapt to the new system while his counterpart, Zavala, achieved no more success than a few honorary distinctions, before returning at the end of his life to die in a country that, paradoxically, was going through a more stable situation than mid XIXth century Spain.
The fall of the viceregal system and the birth of the Republic of Peru, generated various responses in those who lived through such a complex process. The elite - both peninsular and criollo in origin - had to make hasty decisions in face of the fluctuations of the moment, particularly unfavorable for the sector loyal to the crown. The realistas (or fidelistas) were the big losers in those changes. This thesis analyzes two behaviors that could not be more contrasted among those who opposed the breakup with Spain. They were two sides of the same coin: one was represented by Gaspar Antonio de Osma, a peninsular bureaucrat linked to Lima´s commercial aristocracy, while the other was a military nobleman of ancient ancestry in Cuzco and Lima. While the former -being Spanish- chose to adapt to independent Peru, the latter -having been born on these lands- refused to do so, emigrating to Spain. These cases show two extreme positions, which were possibly the margins of a range of options. That of the peninsular who remained in republican Peru, next to his family, must have been less traumatic than that of the uprooted army officer from his place of origin. Osma was able to adapt to the new system while his counterpart, Zavala, achieved no more success than a few honorary distinctions, before returning at the end of his life to die in a country that, paradoxically, was going through a more stable situation than mid XIXth century Spain.
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Perú--Historia--Colonia, Perú--Historia--Independencia, Virreyes--Perú, Osma y Tricio, Gaspar de, Zavala y Bravo de Ribero, Pedro José de, Serna e Hinojosa, José del, 1770-1832, Pezuela y Sánchez, Joaquín de la, 1761-1830, Zavala, Familia, Osma, Familia
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