¿La tolerancia frente a los actos discriminatorios?: la relación entre el principio de no discriminación y el derecho a la libertad religiosa
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2024-05-03
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Resumen
La religión ha tenido un rol protagónico en la formación de la identidad cultural
de diversas sociedades y en la consolidación de los marcos constitucionales de
los Estados. Sin perjuicio de ello, en los últimos 20 años se ha incrementado la
presencia de diversos conflictos entre las creencias religiosas predominantes
frente a las demandas y exigencias por el reconocimiento de derechos
humanos de ciertos grupos en situación de vulnerabilidad. En virtud de ello, el
presente ensayo tiene como finalidad identificar y analizar el contenido del
derecho a la libertad religiosa y sus limitaciones frente al principio de igualdad y
no discriminación, especialmente enfocado en casos de discriminación por
motivos de orientación sexual realizados por autoridades religiosas.
En ese sentido, se hace uso de doctrina y jurisprudencia desarrollada por la
Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos y el Tribunal Europeo de
Derechos Humanos, en casos donde se han pronunciado respecto a las
dimensiones y limitaciones del ejercicio del derecho a la libertad religiosa.
Asimismo, se analiza la relación existente entre el Estado y la religión,
precisando los alcances de la laicidad y el principio de neutralidad, así como las
implicancias del respeto de las obligaciones internacionales en materia de
protección de derechos humanos que ha Estado ha asumido. Finalmente, se
concluye que pese a que el ejercicio del derecho a libertad religiosa permite
garantizar la autonomía e independencia de las decisiones efectuadas por las
comunidades religiosas, ello no implica que sea un derecho absoluto, y que sus
actos no sean catalogados como discriminatorios.
Religion has played a leading role in the formation of the cultural identity of various societies and in the consolidation of the constitutional frameworks of States. Nevertheless, in the last 20 years there has been an increase in the presence of various conflicts between the predominant religious beliefs and the demands and requirements for the recognition of human rights of certain groups in vulnerable situations. Therefore, the purpose of this essay is to identify and analyze the content of the right to religious freedom and its limitations in relation to the principle of equality and non-discrimination, especially focused on cases of discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation by religious authorities. In this sense, use is made of doctrine and jurisprudence developed by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights, in cases where they have ruled on the dimensions and limitations of the exercise of the right to religious freedom. It also analyzes the relationship between the State and religion, specifying the scope of secularism and the principle of neutrality, as well as the implications of respect for international obligations regarding the protection of human rights that the State has assumed. Finally, it is concluded that although the exercise of the right to religious freedom allows guaranteeing the autonomy and independence of religious decisions, it is also necessary to consider the implications of the relationship between the State and religion.
Religion has played a leading role in the formation of the cultural identity of various societies and in the consolidation of the constitutional frameworks of States. Nevertheless, in the last 20 years there has been an increase in the presence of various conflicts between the predominant religious beliefs and the demands and requirements for the recognition of human rights of certain groups in vulnerable situations. Therefore, the purpose of this essay is to identify and analyze the content of the right to religious freedom and its limitations in relation to the principle of equality and non-discrimination, especially focused on cases of discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation by religious authorities. In this sense, use is made of doctrine and jurisprudence developed by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights, in cases where they have ruled on the dimensions and limitations of the exercise of the right to religious freedom. It also analyzes the relationship between the State and religion, specifying the scope of secularism and the principle of neutrality, as well as the implications of respect for international obligations regarding the protection of human rights that the State has assumed. Finally, it is concluded that although the exercise of the right to religious freedom allows guaranteeing the autonomy and independence of religious decisions, it is also necessary to consider the implications of the relationship between the State and religion.
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Libertad religiosa, Igualdad de oportunidades, Orientación sexual