Cartografía y construcción simbólica de una frontera: Vilcabamba y San Francisco de la Victoria en la época colonial
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2021-04-15
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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En los últimos años de la conquista española del Tahuantinsuyu sobrevivió un remanente del
estado Inca en la zona de Vilcabamba, un territorio próximo al Cusco protegido por su
geografía y condición de aproximación selvática. Esta situación le valió para permanecer
como el último reducto libre y autónomo de los Incas en pleno ejercicio de su poder donde por
un breve período de tiempo, lograron interactuar y negociar con autoridades coloniales que
aún no terminaban de afianzar su poder. Fueron tiempos de gran complejidad y cambio. Los
sucesos que acontecieron entre 1571 y 1572, partiendo con la llegada del virrey Francisco de
Toledo al Cusco, precipitaron la caída de Vilcabamba. Tras la captura y ejecución de Tupa
Amaru y el traslado de la población al nuevo asentamiento de San Francisco de la Victoria,
fundado por orden de Toledo, nada quedó luego sobre lo que se podría reconstruir la idea de
un estado incaico. Sin embargo, llama la atención la manera en que este espacio geográfico
fue representado en la cartografía colonial posterior hasta el siglo XVIII y cómo se le asoció
con una ubicación cardinal (relación Este con respecto al Cusco) que no se correspondió con
su realidad física (relación Noroeste). A partir del análisis de mapas coloniales que se
encuentran en el Archivo Central del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Perú (MRE), este
trabajo busca repensar la forma en que los vemos y reflexionar sobre el entendimiento que se
tuvo del territorio sobre el cual se construyó un andamiaje simbólico que perdura hasta la
actualidad.
In the last years of the Spanish conquest of the Tahuantinsuyu, a remnant of the Inca state survived in the Vilcabamba area, a territory near Cusco protected by its geography and condition of jungle approach. This situation was worthy for it to remain as the last free and autonomous bastion of the Incas in the full exercise of their power where for a short period of time, they managed to interact and negotiate with colonial authorities that had not yet consolidated their power. They were times of great complexity and change. The events that occurred between 1571 and 1572, starting with the arrival of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo to Cusco, precipitated the fall of Vilcabamba. After the capture and execution of Tupa Amaru and the relocation of the population to the new settlement of San Francisco de la Victoria, founded by order of Toledo, nothing remained after which the idea of an Inca state could be reconstructed. However, it attracts attention how this geographical space was represented in the subsequent colonial cartography until the 18th century and how it was associated with a cardinal location (East relation to Cusco) that did not correspond to its physical reality (Northwest relationship). Based on the analysis of colonial maps found in the Central Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru (MRE), this work seeks to reconsider the way we see them and to think over on the past understanding of the territory on which a symbolic scaffolding was built that endures to the present.
In the last years of the Spanish conquest of the Tahuantinsuyu, a remnant of the Inca state survived in the Vilcabamba area, a territory near Cusco protected by its geography and condition of jungle approach. This situation was worthy for it to remain as the last free and autonomous bastion of the Incas in the full exercise of their power where for a short period of time, they managed to interact and negotiate with colonial authorities that had not yet consolidated their power. They were times of great complexity and change. The events that occurred between 1571 and 1572, starting with the arrival of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo to Cusco, precipitated the fall of Vilcabamba. After the capture and execution of Tupa Amaru and the relocation of the population to the new settlement of San Francisco de la Victoria, founded by order of Toledo, nothing remained after which the idea of an Inca state could be reconstructed. However, it attracts attention how this geographical space was represented in the subsequent colonial cartography until the 18th century and how it was associated with a cardinal location (East relation to Cusco) that did not correspond to its physical reality (Northwest relationship). Based on the analysis of colonial maps found in the Central Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru (MRE), this work seeks to reconsider the way we see them and to think over on the past understanding of the territory on which a symbolic scaffolding was built that endures to the present.
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Perú--Historia--Época incaica, Vilcabamba (Perú)--Historia--Siglo XVI, Cartografía--Perú--Historia
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