Precisiones en torno al posible resarcimiento del daño moral como consecuencia del despido arbitrario
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2022-03-21
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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En el presente artículo académico se expone de manera sintetizada la posición de
la autora en torno al posible resarcimiento por daño moral a consecuencia de un despido
arbitrario, pretensión que viene siendo invocada en las demandas por daños y perjuicios
incoadas por trabajadores que han sido objeto de un despido ilícito, la cual -en la medida que
exista un supuesto resarcitorio- no ha encontrado rechazo por parte de nuestra judicatura en
los casos de despidos inconstitucionales que tienen como efecto jurídico la nulidad del
despido, no empero, en los supuestos de despidos arbitrarios regulados por el Art.34° de la
Ley de Productividad y Competitividad Laboral, tanto la judicatura como la doctrina han
desarrollado posturas contradictorias respecto al amparo de un resarcimiento por daño moral,
toda vez que bajo una interpretación literal del texto de la norma antes referida, se establece
para estos últimos, el pago de una indemnización tarifada como único remedio jurídico a
favor del trabajador despedido.
A partir de este breve desarrollo, se analizarán dos temas centrales a los que se dedica el
presente artículo, y que estan referidos al aspecto probatorio del daño moral generado como
consecuencia del despido ilícito. El primero, tiene la intención de aclarar la cuestión referida
a la posible presunción de este daño, que ha sido materia de debate en los Plenos
Jurisdiccionales de los años 2018 y 20191. Y el segundo, plantea una cuestión probablemente
novedosa, referida a la posibilidad de reconocer una función sancionadora de la
responsabilidad civil en el resarcimiento del daño moral, de manera que al establecer el
quántum indemnizatorio se tenga en cuenta la gravedad del despido injustificado, hecho que
presupone la vulneración de un derecho fundamental como el derecho al trabajo, y en algunos
casos, al mismo tiempo, la de otros derechos fundamentales.
1 Pleno Jurisdiccional Laboral y Procesal Laboral desarrollado en Chiclayo, los días 13 y 14 de septiembre de 2018. Pleno Jurisdiccional Nacional y Procesal Laboral esarrollado en Tacna, los días 23 y 24 de mayo.
This academic article hereby exposes the author's reasoning towards a possible indemnization for a non-material damage as a consequence of an arbitrary layoff in a synthesized manner, pretension that has been invoked in claims for damages initiated by workers who have been fired in an illicit way, which -as long as there is an indemnizationhas not encounter rejection in the unconstitutional firing cases by our judiciary which have as a legal effect the annulment of the layoff, however, in the alleged arbitrary layoffs regulated by the Art. 34 of the Productivity and Labor Competitiveness Law, the judicatory as well as the doctrine have developed contradictory views regarding the advocacy of an indemnization for non-material damage, as long as under a verbatim interpretation of the beforehand mentioned normative text, it is established for the aforementioned, severance pay is stipulated as only juridic remedy in favor of the fired worker. From this brief, two main topics will be analyzed to which this article will talk about and are referring to the proving aspect of the non-material damage generated because of illegal termination. The first one has the intention of clarifying a matter that is referring to the assumption of this damage which has been a debated matter at the jurisdictional control of the Court during the years of 2018 and 2019. And the second one proposes a probably novel matter, referring the possibility of knowing a punitive function of the public liability regarding the indemnification of the non-material damage, this way when establishing the indemnifying quantum, the severity of the unjustified termination is considered, this fat presupposes the violation of a fundamental right such as the right to work and in some cases at the same time the violation to other fundamental rights.
This academic article hereby exposes the author's reasoning towards a possible indemnization for a non-material damage as a consequence of an arbitrary layoff in a synthesized manner, pretension that has been invoked in claims for damages initiated by workers who have been fired in an illicit way, which -as long as there is an indemnizationhas not encounter rejection in the unconstitutional firing cases by our judiciary which have as a legal effect the annulment of the layoff, however, in the alleged arbitrary layoffs regulated by the Art. 34 of the Productivity and Labor Competitiveness Law, the judicatory as well as the doctrine have developed contradictory views regarding the advocacy of an indemnization for non-material damage, as long as under a verbatim interpretation of the beforehand mentioned normative text, it is established for the aforementioned, severance pay is stipulated as only juridic remedy in favor of the fired worker. From this brief, two main topics will be analyzed to which this article will talk about and are referring to the proving aspect of the non-material damage generated because of illegal termination. The first one has the intention of clarifying a matter that is referring to the assumption of this damage which has been a debated matter at the jurisdictional control of the Court during the years of 2018 and 2019. And the second one proposes a probably novel matter, referring the possibility of knowing a punitive function of the public liability regarding the indemnification of the non-material damage, this way when establishing the indemnifying quantum, the severity of the unjustified termination is considered, this fat presupposes the violation of a fundamental right such as the right to work and in some cases at the same time the violation to other fundamental rights.
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Despido de empleados, Daño, Indemnización, Presunción (Derecho), Responsabilidad civil, Derecho laboral--Perú