Conectando el pasado con el presente: la antropología histórica de la producción de metal a pequeña escala en Porco, Bolivia
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2016
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial
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Los arqueólogos actuales tienen la oportunidad de participar en el desarrollo de una antropología histórica (Lightfoot 1995), en la que la investigación arqueológica de la época después de la conquista conecta el pasado prehispánico con el presente. Este trabajo procura contribuir a este tipo de arqueología a través del examen de algunos datos obtenidos por el Proyecto Arqueológico Porco-¬Potosí en Porco, un centro minero ubicado en Bolivia, a 35 kilómetros al suroeste de Potosí. El proyecto tuvo como objetivo principal investigar la organización de la producción de plata bajo los distintos sistemas políticos y económicos que han caracterizado la zona. La minería ha sido importante en Porco desde la época inkaica, cuando se producía plata para adornar el Korikancha en Cusco, hasta el presente, con la extracción de zinc por la empresa internacional Sinchi Wayra y algunas cooperativas. El registro arqueológico en Porco, entonces, puede informarnos sobre las continuidades y cambios en las actividades mineras durante los últimos 500 años. Además de la conquista española, otra ruptura histórica importante ocurrió a finales del siglo XIX, cuando la extracción de plata que empleaba mano de obra forzada fue reemplazada por la minería extranjera del estaño y luego del zinc. A pesar de las diferencias fundamentales entre las dos formas de producción, la prospección y las excavaciones realizadas por el proyecto indican que los dos sistemas fueron caracterizados por el k’aqcheo o «robo» de mineral de alta calidad asociado con la producción de plata a pequeña escala mediante el uso de tecnología como la huayrachina nativa. En contraste con la minería de los Estados Unidos y otros países ricos, el proceso que sigue desarrollándose en Bolivia no es una marcha unilineal hasta la industria «moderna», sino una serie de interacciones complicadas entre empresas y mineros que involucra competencia además de interdependencia.
Andeanist archaeologists have the opportunity to participate in the development of an historical anthropology (Lightfoot 1995) in which archaeological research on the post-conquest era connects the prehispanic past with the present. This essay seeks to contribute to this type of archeology by examining data produced by the Archaeological Project Porco - Potosí in investigating Porco, a mining center in Bolivia, 35 km southwest of Potosi, whose main objective is to investigate the organization of silver production under the different political and economic systems that have characterized the region. Mining has been important in Porco since the Inka era, when it provided silver to adorn the Koricancha in Cusco. It continues today in the form of zinc mining carried out by an international company, Sinchi Wayra, and several local cooperatives. The archaeological record in Porco can thus inform us of continuities and changes in mining activities over the past 500 years. In addition to the Spanish conquest, another important historical rupture in Porco’s mining industry occurred in the late nineteenth century, when tin and zinc mining funded by foreign enterprises replaced the former system of silver extraction by forced labor. Despite fundamental differences between the two forms of production, archaeological survey and excavations carried out by the project indicate that both systems were characterized by k’aqcheo – the “theft” of high quality ore - associated with small-scale silver production using technology such as the native huayrachina. In contrast to mining in the United States and other wealthy countries, the ongoing process of development in Bolivia in the mining sector is not a unilinear march towards “modern” industry, but a series of complicated interactions between companies and miners involving both competition and interdependence.
Andeanist archaeologists have the opportunity to participate in the development of an historical anthropology (Lightfoot 1995) in which archaeological research on the post-conquest era connects the prehispanic past with the present. This essay seeks to contribute to this type of archeology by examining data produced by the Archaeological Project Porco - Potosí in investigating Porco, a mining center in Bolivia, 35 km southwest of Potosi, whose main objective is to investigate the organization of silver production under the different political and economic systems that have characterized the region. Mining has been important in Porco since the Inka era, when it provided silver to adorn the Koricancha in Cusco. It continues today in the form of zinc mining carried out by an international company, Sinchi Wayra, and several local cooperatives. The archaeological record in Porco can thus inform us of continuities and changes in mining activities over the past 500 years. In addition to the Spanish conquest, another important historical rupture in Porco’s mining industry occurred in the late nineteenth century, when tin and zinc mining funded by foreign enterprises replaced the former system of silver extraction by forced labor. Despite fundamental differences between the two forms of production, archaeological survey and excavations carried out by the project indicate that both systems were characterized by k’aqcheo – the “theft” of high quality ore - associated with small-scale silver production using technology such as the native huayrachina. In contrast to mining in the United States and other wealthy countries, the ongoing process of development in Bolivia in the mining sector is not a unilinear march towards “modern” industry, but a series of complicated interactions between companies and miners involving both competition and interdependence.
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Antropología Histórica, Porco (Bolivia), Producción Minera, Historical Anthropology, Porco (Bolivia), mining Production
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