Impactos del retroceso glaciar y disponibilidad hídrica en la subcuenca llullán-Parón, cuenca del río Santa
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2021-07-12
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El retroceso glaciar en la Cordillera Blanca (Perú) está alterando la variabilidad
estacional e interanual del régimen hidrológico. Esta situación genera impactos
severos para la disponibilidad hídrica de las sociedades asentadas aguas abajo que
dependen de este recurso para su subsistencia. Con el retroceso glaciar, el régimen
hidrológico registraría un caudal máximo, luego del cual la oferta hídrica
disminuiría, especialmente durante la época seca. Paralelamente, la demanda hídrica
está creciendo en la región, debido a la expansión de la frontera agrícola, el
crecimiento poblacional, y el aumento de la demanda energética. Así, la reducción
de la oferta y del aumento de la demanda hídrica afectarían la seguridad hídrica,
dificultando la gestión de recursos hídricos a largo plazo.
Esta tesis se centra en la subcuenca Llullán-Parón (144 km2), en la cuenca alta del río
Santa (Perú), la cual abarca una amplia cobertura glaciar (23 km2). Aquí se encuentra
Parón (45 hm3), la laguna más grande en la Cordillera Blanca, la cual cumple un rol
esencial para el suministro de agua de uso agrícola, doméstico, hidroeléctrico y
turístico. Se analizan los impactos del retroceso glaciar en la disponibilidad hídrica
mediante un modelo agregado con escenarios de variación de precipitación. El
modelo incluye la oferta-demanda hídrica actuales (2006-2016) y futuras (2030 y
2050). Se halló que sin el control de la laguna Parón ocurriría un déficit del balance
hídrico en la época seca (-0.77 m3/s en 2006-2016). Una mayor precipitación
(+10%/década) incrementaría la variabilidad estacional del balance hídrico en un
24% hacia 2050; en cambio, una menor precipitación (-10%/década) la reduciría hasta
en un 37% hacia 2050. En este contexto, es urgente encontrar formas eficaces de
adaptación al cambio climático y socioeconómico. Estas deberían enfocarse en
medidas estructurales y no-estructurales dentro de un marco de gestión coordinada
entre actores locales y estatales, evitando potenciales conflictos hídricos e
inseguridad hídrica. Finalmente, se debe considerar escenarios de cambio para la
planificación futura de recursos hídricos.
Glacier retreat in the Cordillera Blanca (Peru) is affecting the seasonal and interannual variability of the hydrological regime. This situation leads to severe impacts for water availability of people situated downstream, that depend on this resource for their livelihoods. With decreasing glacier extent, the hydrological regime would register a tipping point after which river streamflow decreases, especially during the dry season. At the same time, water demand is increasing in the region due to the expansion of the agricultural frontier, population growth, and increasing energy demand. Thus, the water supply decrease and water demand increase would affect water security and hamper long-term water management. This thesis focuses on the Llullán-Parón sub-basin (144 km2), in the upper basin of the Santa River. Llullán-Parón included a wide glacier cover (23 km2) and hosts Lake Parón (45 hm3), the largest lake in the Cordillera Blanca which plays a vital role of water supply for agriculture, housing, hydropower and tourism. The impacts of glacier retreat on water availability are analysed by setting up a lumped hydrological model with different scenarios of precipitation variability. The model includes current (2006-2016) and future (2030 and 2050) water supply and demand. It was found that, without discharge control of Lake Parón, a deficit in the water balance would occur in the dry season (-0.77 m3/s in 2006-2016). A precipitation increase (+10%/decade) would increment seasonal variability by about 24% towards 2050; in contrast, a precipitation decrease (-10%/decade) would lead to reduced discharge by up to 37% by 2050. In this context, effective ways for adaptation to climatic and socioeconomic changes are urgently necessary. Adaptation strategies should focus on hard path and soft path measures within a coordinated management framework between local stakeholders and the government, avoiding potential water conflicts and water insecurity. Finally, scenarios of change need to be considered for future water resources planning.
Glacier retreat in the Cordillera Blanca (Peru) is affecting the seasonal and interannual variability of the hydrological regime. This situation leads to severe impacts for water availability of people situated downstream, that depend on this resource for their livelihoods. With decreasing glacier extent, the hydrological regime would register a tipping point after which river streamflow decreases, especially during the dry season. At the same time, water demand is increasing in the region due to the expansion of the agricultural frontier, population growth, and increasing energy demand. Thus, the water supply decrease and water demand increase would affect water security and hamper long-term water management. This thesis focuses on the Llullán-Parón sub-basin (144 km2), in the upper basin of the Santa River. Llullán-Parón included a wide glacier cover (23 km2) and hosts Lake Parón (45 hm3), the largest lake in the Cordillera Blanca which plays a vital role of water supply for agriculture, housing, hydropower and tourism. The impacts of glacier retreat on water availability are analysed by setting up a lumped hydrological model with different scenarios of precipitation variability. The model includes current (2006-2016) and future (2030 and 2050) water supply and demand. It was found that, without discharge control of Lake Parón, a deficit in the water balance would occur in the dry season (-0.77 m3/s in 2006-2016). A precipitation increase (+10%/decade) would increment seasonal variability by about 24% towards 2050; in contrast, a precipitation decrease (-10%/decade) would lead to reduced discharge by up to 37% by 2050. In this context, effective ways for adaptation to climatic and socioeconomic changes are urgently necessary. Adaptation strategies should focus on hard path and soft path measures within a coordinated management framework between local stakeholders and the government, avoiding potential water conflicts and water insecurity. Finally, scenarios of change need to be considered for future water resources planning.
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Cambio climático--Perú, Glaciares--Perú, Ríos--Perú
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