Residuos tóxicos en la Amazonía peruana. Condiciones de salud y habitabilidad en poblaciones ribereñas de la ciudad de Iquitos
Fecha
2024
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Instituto de la Naturaleza, Tierra y Energía (INTE-PUCP)
Resumen
En la Amazonía peruana, dos asentamientos humanos del distrito de
Punchana de la ciudad de Iquitos —Iván Vásquez Valera y 21 de Septiembre—
interpusieron una demanda judicial en el año 2016 por falta de agua,
desagüe y recolección de residuos sólidos. La población vive desde hace 20
años encima de un canal abierto, en el que se vierten todo tipo de sustancias
contaminantes provenientes de un hospital, del camal municipal de la ciudad
y de una planta de venta de gasolina operada por Petroperú. Este libro
nace de una investigación sobre la situación de salud de la población y su
vinculación con la contaminación ambiental, al mismo tiempo que tuvo como
objetivo servir de prueba ante el Tribunal Constitucional de Perú.
La investigación se desarrolló desde el campo de la antropología médica
y se complementó con análisis de agua, lodo, suelo y aire para evaluar su
calidad. Dichas pruebas se realizaron en tres laboratorios (uno de Perú y dos
de Colombia), donde se analizó citotoxicidad, genotoxicidad, presencia de
microorganismos, resistencia antimicrobiana, aceites y grasas, hidrocarburos
totales de petróleo, numeración de coliformes, trihalometanos-THM, BTEX,
demanda química de oxígeno y metales. Los resultados de los análisis de
laboratorio fueron positivos para aceites y grasas, DQO, metales, toxicidad,
patógenos y resistencia microbiana. Estos resultados, junto con los
datos epidemiológicos y la información obtenida en el trabajo de campo
antropológico, alertan de la contaminación que afecta a las personas que
habitan estos asentamientos. Los problemas de salud más frecuentes que
padecen los habitantes —diarrea, fiebre, vómito, diversas enfermedades de
la piel, parásitos, problemas intestinales, infecciones y tumores— podrían
estar relacionados con las sustancias contaminantes a las que están expuestos
sus habitantes, debido a los vertidos indiscriminados de distintas sustancias
provenientes de desechos industriales y domésticos.
Esta investigación fue la base en la que se apoyó el Tribunal Constitucional
para dar una sentencia favorable a la población, declarando inconstitucional
la falta de agua y desagüe y la vulneración del derecho a una vida digna.
In the Peruvian Amazon, two human settlements in the Punchana district of the city of Iquitos — Iván Vásquez Valera and 21 de Septiembre — filed a lawsuit in 2016 due to lack of water, sewage, and solid waste collection. The population has been living for 20 years on top of an open canal, into which all kinds of pollutants from a hospital, the municipal slaughterhouse of the city, and a gas plant operated by Petroperú are discharged. This book stems from research on the population’s health situation and its connection with environmental contamination, aiming to serve as evidence before the Constitutional Court of Peru. The research was conducted from the field of medical anthropology and was complemented with analysis of water, mud, soil, and air to assess their quality. These tests were carried out in three laboratories (one in Peru and two in Colombia), where cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, presence of microorganisms, antimicrobial resistance, oils and fats, total petroleum hydrocarbons, coliform enumeration, trihalomethanes- THM, BTEX, chemical oxygen demand, and metals were analyzed. The laboratory analysis results were positive for oils and fats, chemical oxygen demand, metals, toxicity, pathogens, and microbial resistance. These results, along with epidemiological data and information obtained from anthropological fieldwork, raise concerns about the contamination affecting the inhabitants of these settlements. The most common health problems suffered by the residents — diarrhea, fever, vomiting, various skin diseases, parasites, intestinal problems, infections, and tumors — could be related to the pollutants to which they are exposed due to indiscriminate discharge of various substances from industrial and domestic waste. This research formed the basis on which the Constitutional Court relied to issue a favorable ruling for the population, declaring the lack of water and sewage and the violation of the right to a dignified life unconstitutional.
In the Peruvian Amazon, two human settlements in the Punchana district of the city of Iquitos — Iván Vásquez Valera and 21 de Septiembre — filed a lawsuit in 2016 due to lack of water, sewage, and solid waste collection. The population has been living for 20 years on top of an open canal, into which all kinds of pollutants from a hospital, the municipal slaughterhouse of the city, and a gas plant operated by Petroperú are discharged. This book stems from research on the population’s health situation and its connection with environmental contamination, aiming to serve as evidence before the Constitutional Court of Peru. The research was conducted from the field of medical anthropology and was complemented with analysis of water, mud, soil, and air to assess their quality. These tests were carried out in three laboratories (one in Peru and two in Colombia), where cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, presence of microorganisms, antimicrobial resistance, oils and fats, total petroleum hydrocarbons, coliform enumeration, trihalomethanes- THM, BTEX, chemical oxygen demand, and metals were analyzed. The laboratory analysis results were positive for oils and fats, chemical oxygen demand, metals, toxicity, pathogens, and microbial resistance. These results, along with epidemiological data and information obtained from anthropological fieldwork, raise concerns about the contamination affecting the inhabitants of these settlements. The most common health problems suffered by the residents — diarrhea, fever, vomiting, various skin diseases, parasites, intestinal problems, infections, and tumors — could be related to the pollutants to which they are exposed due to indiscriminate discharge of various substances from industrial and domestic waste. This research formed the basis on which the Constitutional Court relied to issue a favorable ruling for the population, declaring the lack of water and sewage and the violation of the right to a dignified life unconstitutional.
Descripción
Está investigación ha sido posible gracias al apoyo del Vicariato Apostólico de Iquitos.
Palabras clave
Residuos peligrosos--Aspectos ambientales--Perú--Loreto, Región, Residuos peligrosos--Aspectos sanitarios--Perú--Loreto, Región
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