Entre la conservación ecológica y la reproducción humana: un estudio socioambiental para la gestión territorial sostenible del Santuario Nacional del Ampay
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2019-12-02
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
El trabajo enfoca las amenazas que enfrenta la gestión de la conservación en el Santuario
Nacional del Ampay, un Área Natural Protegida por el Estado adyacente a la ciudad de
Abancay, que alberga Ecosistemas Forestales Andinos, entre otros, los cuales brindan
servicios ecosistémicos vitales para la población local, incluida la ciudad de Abancay, como la
provisión/regulación hídrica, la protección ante desastres, y el mantenimiento de una gran
biodiversidad. Las amenazas son múltiples, y muchas provienen de medios o estrategias de
sustento insostenibles que la población local practica, algunos de los cuales, agregados, llegan
a conformar dinámicas territoriales a escala del paisaje de Abancay, causando impactos
ambientales significativos. A su vez, el intento de limitar o regular dichos medios de sustento
insostenibles, por parte de los gestores de la conservación, genera conflictividad con algunos
actores locales, evidenciando el problema de fondo que aqueja al Santuario: una contradicción
entre la conservación ecológica y la reproducción social de dichos grupos, o, en otros términos,
una contradicción entre diferentes actores con distintos modos de habitar, sostenibles e
insostenibles. Entendemos el habitar como la suma de las prácticas y las percepciones sobre el
territorio. Ante esta situación, el objetivo principal es estudiar la complejidad territorial local, y
con base en este diagnóstico de la complejidad, proponer recomendaciones o lineamientos
para una gestión territorial sostenible del Santuario y su zona de amortiguamiento (e,
inseparablemente, de la ciudad de Abancay), lo cual equivale al mejoramiento simultáneo de la
conservación ecológica y del bienestar de la población local. Para lograrlo, se estudia la
realidad territorial desde un enfoque socioecológico, que combina la indagación sobre las
características y componentes biofísicos de los ecosistemas, con la identificación de la
variedad de actores ligados al Santuario y sus distintos modos de habitar, así como las
relaciones de poder entre ellos, con una mirada histórica. Dicho enfoque ha demandado una
metodología mixta, combinando herramientas y conceptos de las ciencias ambientales y de las
ciencias sociales y humanas.
This work focuses on the threats faced by the conservation management in the Ampay National Sanctuary, a Protected Natural Area controlled by the Peruvian State, located next to the city of Abancay. This area holds Andean Forestal Ecosystems, among others, which provide crucial ecosystem services to the city and the local population, such as the supply and regulation of water flows, the protection from hazards, and the maintaining of a vast biodiversity. The threats faced are multiple, and many of them come from unsustainable livelihoods or livelihood strategies practiced by local inhabitants, some of wich, when added up, become territorial dynamics that work at the landscape level of Abancay, causing significant environmental impacts. At the same time, the efforts of the conservation officers to limitate or regulate those unsustainable livelihoods, are generating conflicts with some actors, making evident an underlying core problem: a contradiction between the conservation of nature and the social reproduction of those actors, or, in other words, a contradiction between diferent actors with diferent ways of dwelling, more or less sustainable. Dwelling is understood as the confluence of practices on, and perceptions of the territory, parts that together constitute the hole living relationship of people with the territory. In the face of this situation, the central aim is to study the local territorial complexity, and, based on a sort of diagnostic of the complexity, propose some recommendations and guidelines to help achieve a sustainable territorial management for the Sanctuary and its buffer zone (and, inevitably, for the city of Abancay), a concept or ideal that entails the simultaneous enhancing of wildlife conservation and of the well-being of local inhabitants. To achieve this, the territory is investigated from a socioecological approach, combining the indagation about the biophysical characteristics and components of the ecosystems, with the identification of the variety of actors involved in the Sanctuary, their different ways of dwelling, and the power relations amongst them, with a historic perspective. Such an approach has demanded a mixed methodology, which blends methodological tools and concepts taken from the environmental sciences and from the social and human sciences.
This work focuses on the threats faced by the conservation management in the Ampay National Sanctuary, a Protected Natural Area controlled by the Peruvian State, located next to the city of Abancay. This area holds Andean Forestal Ecosystems, among others, which provide crucial ecosystem services to the city and the local population, such as the supply and regulation of water flows, the protection from hazards, and the maintaining of a vast biodiversity. The threats faced are multiple, and many of them come from unsustainable livelihoods or livelihood strategies practiced by local inhabitants, some of wich, when added up, become territorial dynamics that work at the landscape level of Abancay, causing significant environmental impacts. At the same time, the efforts of the conservation officers to limitate or regulate those unsustainable livelihoods, are generating conflicts with some actors, making evident an underlying core problem: a contradiction between the conservation of nature and the social reproduction of those actors, or, in other words, a contradiction between diferent actors with diferent ways of dwelling, more or less sustainable. Dwelling is understood as the confluence of practices on, and perceptions of the territory, parts that together constitute the hole living relationship of people with the territory. In the face of this situation, the central aim is to study the local territorial complexity, and, based on a sort of diagnostic of the complexity, propose some recommendations and guidelines to help achieve a sustainable territorial management for the Sanctuary and its buffer zone (and, inevitably, for the city of Abancay), a concept or ideal that entails the simultaneous enhancing of wildlife conservation and of the well-being of local inhabitants. To achieve this, the territory is investigated from a socioecological approach, combining the indagation about the biophysical characteristics and components of the ecosystems, with the identification of the variety of actors involved in the Sanctuary, their different ways of dwelling, and the power relations amongst them, with a historic perspective. Such an approach has demanded a mixed methodology, which blends methodological tools and concepts taken from the environmental sciences and from the social and human sciences.
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Áreas naturales--Perú--Apurímac, Santuarios nacionales--Perú--Apurímac, Desarrollo urbano--Perú--Apurímac, Desarrollo sostenible--Aspectos ambientales
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